小儿复杂上尿路感染的因素及致病菌分析

Analysis of the factors and pathogens of complicated upper urinary tract infection in children.

目的了解小儿复杂上尿路感染的因素及致病菌的耐药现状。方法1999年1月至2004年3月在复旦大学附属儿科医院住院治疗的复杂上尿路感染患儿178例,分析其尿培养阳性的因素、致病菌分布及其对抗生素的耐药性。结果复杂上尿路感染患儿的年龄以≤1岁为主,占46.6%。致病因素中以膀胱输尿管反流为主,占61.8%,40例肾瘢痕患儿中有92.5%存在反流。复杂上尿路感染致病菌中以大肠埃希菌为主,占33%,但与单纯上尿路感染相比所占比例明显下降(P<0.001);克雷白杆菌与绿脓假单孢菌感染所占比例明显高于单纯上尿路感染所占比例(分别P<0.01,P<0.05)。产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌株占革兰阴性杆菌的28%,以大肠埃希菌易产生ESBLs。革兰阴性杆菌对未加β内酰胺酶抑制剂的青霉素类及第1、2、3代头孢菌素类抗生素耐药率均高,而ESBLs菌株交叉耐药情况更为严重。结论复杂上尿路感染以婴儿期多见,膀胱输尿管反流是复杂上尿路感染及肾瘢痕的主要因素,大肠埃希菌仍是其主要致病菌,但克雷白杆菌、绿脓假单胞菌比例明显上升,致病菌耐药性高,产ESBLs菌株多重耐药严重。

Objective To investigate the factors and resistance of the pathogens of complicated upper urinary tract infection (UTI) in children.Methods Distribution and resistance of pathogens,complicated factors in 178 urinary culture-positive UTI patients hospitalized from 1999 to 2004 were analyzed.Results Infants with complicated upper UTI accounted for 46.6%.Among the complicated factors,vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) accounted for 61.8%,and 37 of 40 children with venal scar had VUR.E.coli in the complicated upper UTI accounted for 33% of all the pathogens,which was significantly lower than in simple upper UTI (P<0.001)However,Klebsiella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa accounted for 15.8% and 8.1% respectively,which were significantly higher than in simple upper UTI (5.6% and 2.4% respectively,P<0.01 and 0.05 respectively).Nearly 28% of the Gram negative bacilli were the ESBLs producing strain,most of which were E.coli.Gram negative bacilli had a high resistance rate towards not only the penicillin uncombined with the beta-lactamases inhibitors but also the first,second and third generations of cephalosporins.Furthermore,the multi-cross resistance of the ESBLs strains was even more serious.Conclusion The complicated upper UTI is predominant in infants and VUR induces complicated upper UTI and renal scar.E.coli is still the major pathogen,while the proportion of Klebsiella,Pseudomonas aeruginosa are significantly increasing.The pathogens have high drug-resistance and the ESBLs producing strains have serious multi-resistance.