世界三大黑土区水土流失与防治比较分析

Comparative Study of the Soil Erosion and Control in the Three Major Black Soil Regions in the World

论文首先明晰了黑土及黑土区的概念与范围界定,将中国东北黑土区分为典型黑土区与黑土区两个层次。在此基础上对世界三大黑土区在成土条件,开发利用过程、水土流失及水土流失防治模式方面进行了对比分析。通过比较分析认为:在自然条件上虽然三大黑土区具有一定的相似性,但我国东北黑土区由于地势起伏相对较大,更易遭受水土流失的危害;国外两大黑土区大规模的开发利用比我国黑土区相对早一些,大规模的农业开垦与不合理的耕作方式是世界三大黑土区水土流失与土地退化的主要原因;国外两大黑土区主要以风蚀为主,我国东北黑土区则是以水蚀为主,但风蚀面积也较大;国外两大黑土区在耕作制度、土地使用政策、水土保持资金投入、水土保持宣传教育及科学试验等方面已经采取了相对有效的措施,我国在这些方面还相对滞后。通过对国外黑土区水土流失治理的借鉴与思考,提出了我国东北黑土区在水土流失防治方面亟待解决的几个问题。

In this paper the conceptions of the black soil and the black soil reg ion have been clarified.We have zoned the black soil area into the typical black soil region and the black soil region in China.The three black soil regions in the world have been compared in terms of the soil,forming condition,the process of exploitation and utilization,and the soil erosion and the soil and water cons ervation.Although there are some similarities in natural conditions in the three black soil regions,the black soil in China is prone to be eroded for its undula ting relief.The large,scale land reclamation and the unreasonable farming practi ces are the prime reasons to cause soil erosion and the soil degradation in the three black soil regions.Most of soil erosion taking place in the black soil reg ion of China is water erosion,but the wind erosion dominates in the other black soil regions in the world.Comparing with the other black soil regions in the wor ld,the black soil region in China is still lagging behind in some aspects in soi l and water conservation,such as cropping system, land use policy,funds invested ,propaganda and education and scientific experiment in soil erosion control.The disadvantages in the control of soil erosion and water loss in China's black soi l region are identified through comparing with soil and water conservation measu res conducted in the other black soil regions in the world.Problems that have to be settled urgently in soil erosion control in the black soil region of China a re proposed.