中国湿地资源特征、现状与生态安全

Characteristics of Wetland Resources and Ecological Safety in China

湿地作为一种重要的自然资源,具有独特的自然属性特征。中国湿地资源的基本特点表现在资源的有限性、区域性和差异性、整体性和系统性以及功能性等方面。随着人类活动影响,中国湿地资源丧失严重,生物多样性急剧下降。在许多典型区域已经威胁到区域生态安全问题。本文在阐述中国湿地资源特征和现状基础上,进一步利用生态足迹法,对典型湿地区域的湿地资源现状和生态安全进行了评估。结果显示,某些重要的湿地分布区出现生态赤字,生态安全呈下降趋势,区域健康和可持续发展受到影响。

As an important natural resource, wetland is of special features. It is one of important land resources and has undergone land reclamation in many areas over the years. Wetlands are particular rich in water resources, which are important water sources zones and surface water storage areas. Wetlands are also rich in plants and animal resources, which is one of the richest biodiversity regions in the world. China's wetland resources characterized in the limited area, regional features, systematic features and functions in watershed. At present, there are about (6 940)×10~4hm^2 wetlands in China, accounting for 10% of wetlands in the world, and has become the largest one in Asia, and the forth one in the world. Among these wetlands, the natural wetland is about (2 940)×10~4hm^2, including (1 680)×10~4hm^2 marshes, 910×10~4hm^2 lakes, 80×10~4hm^2 mudflats and 270×10~4hm^2 sallow water area. The artificial wetland is about (4 000)×10~4hm^2, including 200×10~4hm^2 reservoirs and (3 800)×10~4hm^2 paddy fields. These wetlands have regional differences in area and types, and also have integrity in spatial distribution and functions. Therefore, nine wetland zones were classifies in China based on these features. Wetland also plays an important role in keeping regional ecological equilibrium and environmental functions. Wetland resources are important basis for human beings, and loss of wetlands will threaten regional environmental quality and social-economic sustainable development. Using 'ecological footprint' methodology, wetland resources situation and their ecological safety in case study areas were evaluated. Results show that with the ecological safety becoming decreasing, the 'ecological deficit' has occurred. These situations will have serious affects on regional health and sustainable development.