黄河应急调水经济补偿制度初探

Economic Compensation Systems of Emergent Water Dispatch in the Yellow River

由于水资源日益紧张,实施应急水量调度已成为解决缺水地区水资源危机的常见手段。本文以黄河流域的应急调水为研究对象,分析了在产生正面效益的同时,应急调水也给上游造成发电、灌溉、生态等方面的损失。应急调水改变了正常的水资源分配秩序,使黄河水权制度处于不稳定的状态,从而影响水资源配置的公平性和高效性。需要建立合理的应急调水经济补偿制度来解决各方的矛盾冲突,消除调水的不利影响。本文建立了调水补偿制度的制度框架,对补偿制度的关键问题—补偿量的核算方式进行了研究,建立了水电站发电损失核算模型和灌区灌溉损失核算模型,进行了实例计算。目的是通过制度创新的方式推动黄河水资源的优化配置,为我国其他流域以及跨流域的水资源配置提供借鉴。

Emergent water dispatch has become an ordinary way to reduce the crisis in arid areas due to increasing shortage of water resources. The purpose of this study is to promote optimal allocation of water resources in the Yellow River by means of institutional innovation and to provide reference for water dispatches in other basins or between different basins in China. The study found that as emergent water dispatches generate positive benefit, they also bring negative effects on the water providers in upper stream. In addition, such water dispatches change the normal order of water resources allocation and thus water right systems of the Yellow River remains unstable, which will affect the equity and efficiency of water resources allocation. It is found that under current conditions, the emergent water dispatch is still necessary although its main negative effects including reduction of hydropower generation and irrigation, and destruction of environment still exist and need to be eliminated. Therefore, apart from sophisticated technology for a rational dispatch of the emergent water, a set of rational compensation systems dealing with the conflicts of different sides and eliminating the negative effects is highly needed. In this paper, a framework of economic compensation systems, which consists of the rules of estimation, the system of implementation and system of guarantee, is set up and the procedure of compensation is defined. As the key problem of the compensation is how to estimate the amount of compensation, the paper established a mathematic model for the calculation of the losses of the power generation of the hydropower stations and amount of irrigation. An example is given to illustrate these models.