中国古典戏曲中的时间问题

The Theatrical Time Culture in the Classical Chinese Drama

中国传统戏曲关于时刻时段的划分,主要有"年月日时(每个时辰约相当于两小时)刻"五种;在测时手段上,中国古代戏曲主要以日月星辰、香火、自然物候(主要是雄鸡)、水漏测时;在播时方法上,中国古代戏曲主要用钟鼓楼、更夫报时。对于时间的文化审美传统,中国古代戏曲文本关于漏刻的美称之多、更漏报时出现的频率之高、钟楼更夫的感受之深、使用"铜壶银漏"的唯美时尚之盛,显示了中国古代人深厚的时间文化情结。在中国古典戏剧文本中,有一些时间人性化的例子,这体现了中国古典戏曲中的时间文化审美的另一个层面,具有鲜明的民族文化特色和时代特色。

In time classification and period, the Chinese theatrical time is mainly composed of five sorts: year, month, day, shi ( = two hours) and quarter. As regards the theatrical time measuring, the Chinese classical theatrical time is measured mainly by the moving of space bodies such as the sun, the moon and stars, by some animals such as cocks, by burning incense, and by water-motivated instruments ' Lou' . With regard to theatrical time reporting, in classical Chinese drama script, the means mostly used are bell tower and bellman. In classical Chinese drama script, the time complex is very impressive and we can find through reading drama scripts and comparison a strong fashion of using beautiful phrases concerning time, much occurrences of time reporting, bell towers, bellmen, and poetic names of time measuring instruments. In classical Chinese drama scripts, there occurred the personified time, with personal features by artistic mutual communication with the characters of the play and thus another amusing aspect of time culture provides us an opportunity to see some things in human nature beyond the limitation of time and space.