6John Clammer. Raceand Statein Independent Singa pore. 1965 1990 The Cultural Politics of Pluralismi na Multiethnic Society [ M ]. AldershotAshgate, 1999.
7R ita Elaine Silver. The Discourse of Linguistic Capital: Language and Economic Policy Planning in Singapore[J]. in Language Policy,2005, (4).
8简·爱切生.语言的变化:进步还是退化[M].徐家祯译,北京:语文出版社,1997.
9SCHUMANN J H. The pidginization process: a model for second lang age acq isition[M]. Row ley Newbury House, 1978.