中国东方蜜蜂的形态学及生物地理学研究

Morphology and Biogeography of Apis cerana(Fabr.) in the China

用形态学研究方法对中国的东方蜜蜂(Apiscerana)的形态特征进行研究。东方蜜蜂的标本从中国大陆的34个样点采集而来,这些样点代表了东方蜜蜂在中国大陆不同气候带或地理区域分布的不同类型。34个点共采集了220群蜜蜂的样,每群蜂测定分析15只工蜂,形态的测定特征参照Ruttner1988年提出的测定标准进行。每只蜂总共有38个测定的形态特征。测定的性状特征的数据进行因素分析,集合分析和区辨分析;形态性状与生态环境因子相关性分析;并与周边国家东方蜜蜂的相关数据进行比较,发现:生活在吉林长白山温带阔叶林的东方蜜蜂个体较大、体色较黑,与日本、韩国的东方蜜蜂较为相似;来自亚热带常绿阔叶林的东方蜜蜂(甘肃天水、湖北和湖南)与云南北部、北京、尼泊尔的东方蜜蜂聚集为一类;而居住在南方热带季雨林如:福建、广东、广西和云南部分南方的东方蜜蜂与低海拔亚热带常绿阔叶林的东方蜜蜂(越南、中国四川和安徽黄山)聚集为另一类;云南南方如:景洪、思茅、河口、镇康、元江、屏边、蒙自草坝和开远的东方蜜蜂形成独特的一个分枝,与泰国和缅甸的东方蜜蜂非常接近,同时与亚热带常绿阔叶林的东方蜜蜂相邻;值得关注的是,来自高寒湿地的东方蜜蜂(甘肃岷县)是目前在亚洲已经发现的东方蜜蜂中,其个体最大、颜色最深。在因素分析和集合分析里,它具有独特的位置。

The morphological features ofApis ceranaFabr. in China was studied using morphometrical methods. Samples ofA. ceranawere collected from feral colonies or semi domestic colonies in 34 locations of China mainland, covering the main ecological regions. 38 standard morphometric characters recommended by Ruttner et al. (1988) were measured. The data were statistically analysed by factor analysis, discrimi- nant analysis and cluster analysis and compared to samples from the Oberursel data bank from Yunnan(Chi- na), Beijing(China), Japan, Korea, Thailand, India, Myanmar, Vietnam and Nepal. The result showed a high degree of variation, which correlated to geographical parameters or ecological factors. Bees from the north(Jiling),the temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest region were clearly larger and darker, and showed similarity to data bank samples from Japan and Korea; Bees from subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest ecological zone (Gangsu1,Hubei and Hunan) clustered with Northern Yunnan, Beijing, Nepal; Whereas bees from the southern tropical seasonal rain forest region or low altitude subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest ecological areas (Fujian,Guangdong,Guangxi,) clustered with some south Yunnan bees and Vietnam, Sichuan and Huangshan also joined this group; Bees from south Yunnan (Yuanjiang, Simao, Jianghong,