中国、澳大利亚小麦、蔬菜以及棉花根部土传病害生物防治研究进展

Recent advances in biological control of soil borne root diseases of wheat,vegetables and cotton in China and Australia

土传病害是作物产量的经常性限制因素。在禾谷类生产中,某些病害在少耕制度下异常严重。因此,有利于保护土壤侵蚀的管理措施(例如减少耕作、保留农作物残体等)能导致病害发生更为严重,从而造成作物减产,这要求研究新的病害防治措施,而不能依靠农业耕作措施或轮作进行防治。生物防治是病害防治措施的一种,在中国和澳大利亚都已进行了研究。蔬菜和棉花的苗期病害一般是利用化学杀菌剂进行防治,或者病害严重发生导致毁种后重新播种。在这些病害防治方面,人们探索了生物防治措施,旨在发展安全、无残留的防治方法,本文介绍的合作研究,主要是在田间和盆栽条件下筛选、评价一系列澳大利亚和中国的土壤细菌和真菌在中国和澳大利亚东南部对土传病害的防治作用,从而建立有效可靠的作物病害生物防治方法。在两国进行的实验研究中,对象作物为小麦、蔬菜(番茄、黄瓜和辣椒)以及棉花。另外,还对枯草芽孢杆菌的作用机理以及重要植物病原菌如腐霉菌的生态学进行了研究。

Soil-borne root diseases are often major constraints to crop productivity. In cereal production systems, some diseases become more serious under conservation (i.e.reduced) tillage regimes. Thus management practices (e.g. reduced tillage and crop residue retention) which help prevent soil erosion problems can result in more serious yield losses due to disease. This has led to research on methods other than cultivation and crop rotation for disease control.Biological control is one alternative, which has been investigated in both China and Australia. In the vegetable and cotton growing industries, seedling diseases are controlled largely by chemical fungicides or crops are replanted if there is a failure of establishment. Hence, biological controls are sought in the interest of safer and cleaner methods of disease control. The main thrust of the collaborative research described here was to select and evaluate a range of Australian and Chinese soil bacteria and fungi for effective and reliable control of target root diseases in field and greenhouse environments both in south-eastern Australia and in China. The target crops in both countries were wheat, vegetables ( tomato, cucumber, pepper) and cotton. In addition, research was done on the mechanisms by which Bacillus subtilis stains control plant disease and on the ecology of important plant pathogens such as Pythium.