让科学回归真实——对两种科学模型的一些思考

Take science back to real: thinking of the two models of science

罗伯特·金·默顿最早对科学建制以及科学与社会间的相互作用做出了系统描述,所得出的默顿规范一直被奉为科学社会学的经典。随着科学的发展,今日科学逐渐显露出一些与默顿模型有所背离的征兆,由此产生了对科学的某种“信任危机”。约翰·齐曼等默顿之后的科学社会学家具体研究了今日科学的社会运行,提出了后学院科学模型,就默顿规范在新时代的新内涵和科学的信任危机作出了某种解释。我们将看到,后学院科学模型是在新情况下对默顿学院科学模型的合理修正。

Robert King Merton was the first who described systematically the organizational system of science and the interaction between science and society. He offered the Mertonian norms that were still believed as the golden rule of the sociology of science. Since science’s developing, today’s science begins to seem different to Mertonian model of science, so there is some “crisis of belief” to the science coming out. After Merton, John Ziman and other sociologist of science researched specifically the working of today’s science in the society, and offered the model of post-academic science to explain the crisis of belief to the science and the new meaning of the Mertonian norms in the new age. It will be see that the model of post-academic science is a reasonable amendment to the Mertonian model of academic science in the new condition.