贵州石阡民间木偶戏的历史沿革、民族归属及其剧目分类探微

An Exploration of the Historical Evolution, the Ethnic Ascription and the Classification of the Puppet Shows in Shiqian County, Guizhou Province

石阡木偶戏是流传在贵州石阡民间的一种木偶戏剧形式,从湖南沅江中上游辰溪一带传入,已有二百年左右的历史。上世纪五十、六十年代,得到广泛发展,十分兴旺,拥有十几个戏班。然而,由于上世纪七十年代对传统文化人为地摧残和改革开放以来现代文明对传统文化的冲击,石阡木偶戏已经逐渐衰微,面临着消失的困境,引起了当地政府、文化部门的高度重视。正是在这样一种背景下,笔者深入石阡半月有余,对该戏种的文化生态环境、戏剧文化本体以及唱腔音乐形态进行了较为详细地实地调查,目的在于从文化人类学、艺术人类学的理论高度来认识它,以引起学界更为广泛的关注,共同探寻保存与传承的有效路径。本文重点关注的是该戏种的历史沿革、民族归属及其剧目分类等问题。

Shiqianpuppet show is a folk form of puppet shows going round in Shiqian County. It came down from Chenxidistrict of the upper-middle reaches of YuanjiangRiver, Hunan Province, with a history of around 200 years. In the 1950s and 1960s, it developed far and wide and was flourishing with more than a dozen troupes. But because of the man-made destruction of Chinese traditional culture during the “Great Cultural Revolution” and the impactof modern civilizations on the traditional culture since the reform and opening up, Shiqianpuppet show has been declining. It is faced with a difficult situation of dying away.This resulted in great attention of the local government and cultural units. It is in such a background that the writer went deep into Shiqianfor more than a fortnight and made detailed field surveys on the cultural environment of the puppet show, its own dramatic culture and musicalsinging form. The purposeis to understand it from the theoretical level of cultural anthropology and artistic anthropology, in order toattract vast attention of the academic circle and to explorean effect approach to the conservation and inheriting of it. This paper pays more attention to the historical evolution, ethnic ascription and the classification of Shiqianpuppet show.