略论小说中的叙述人

On the Narrator in a Novel

运用经典小说叙事学的理论,通过对小说的写作者、叙述人、叙述声音、叙述眼光等几个重要概念的比较和辨析,探讨了“谁在小说里讲述故事”的问题。到底谁是故事的叙述者绝不是一个像初看起来那样简单的问题,对小说叙事的诸多误解,差不多都来自对这一问题的简单化处理。把叙述人与“隐含的作者”混为一谈,进而又把“隐含的作者”与现实中的作者混为一谈,就是一种对小说叙事的最常见、最严重的误解。这种误解导致的后果就是,仅仅把小说叙事归结为对现实的现象的或本质的再现和反映,而对于小说之所以为小说的“叙事性”则多有忽略。另外,叙述声音与叙述眼光的混淆不清,也是小说解读中常见的错误之一。这种错误不仅使我们搞不清谁在以谁的观点讲故事,而且也难以准确地把握故事的错综复杂的细节和内容,以及充分地领略小说叙事技巧所显示的种种奥妙和效果。

By applying narration theory of classical novels,the author explores the issue of“who is telling story in the novel”by way of comparing and analysing some important concepts about writer,narrator,voice of narration and sight of narration.Who is after all the narrator of story?It is absolutely not an issue so simple as it is looked to be af first sight.A lot of misunderstanding about novelist narration almost come from handling of this issue simplifiedly.A most commonly seen and most serious misunderstanding about novelist narration is just to confuse narrator with“implied author”and then to confuse“implied author” with “the author in reality”.The consequence resulting from this misunderrtanding is merely to sum up novelist narration as phenomenal or essential reapperance and reflection of reality while negligence often occurs on the“narrative characteristic”of novel which is the reason wby the novel becomes novel.In addition,the confusion between voice of narration and sight of narration is also one of errors commonly seen in explaining novel.This error not only makes us unable to understand who is telling story from whose standpoint but also makes us difficult to master accurately the complicated details and contents of story and to comprehend fully various subtlety and effects showing by narrative skills of novels.