夏合吐尔和乌什吐尔地面佛寺遗址研究

A Study on the Ruins of on-ground Buddhist Temples in Xiahetuer and Wushituer

本文通过实地调查,对比前人的发掘资料,根据建筑的功能和用途,结合文献记载,把夏合吐尔和乌什吐尔两处地面寺院遗址的佛寺建筑分为佛堂、塔院、僧房、禅室、讲堂五类。夏合吐尔寺院的布局特征是以一大庭院为中心,四周环绕这五类建筑的“庭院式”布局,这种布局受到中亚地区和犍陀罗地区的佛寺布局的影响,但又有所变化。其中,禅室独立于僧房院外是一个主要特点。乌什吐尔寺院的布局可能是“塔—佛堂—讲堂”的轴线式布局。通过对比建筑类型和分析造像风格,本文认为夏合吐尔寺院和乌什吐尔寺院创建于5世纪,持续使用至9世纪,8世纪时被改造为唐代关阙。

By analyzing the function of the buildings, the Buddhist temples of two ancient on-ground ruins, Xiahetuer (Dudur-Aqur) and Wushituer, which are on the two sides of Weiganhe river debouchment in the Kutscha oasis, can be classified to five different types: Buddhist shrine, preaching hall, vihara, meditation room, and Stupa court. The character of the Xiahetuer plan is that these five types' buildings are surrounding a central court, which is effected by the plans of the Buddhist temples in central Asia and Gandhara regions, but different. The character of the Wushituer plan is that the Stupa, the Buddhist shrine and preaching hall are on the same axis. The meditation room, which is separated from the vihara, is a popular type in this area. By comparing the types of the buildings and the styles of the statues with the temples in the grottoes and the other on-ground temples, the found date of these two ground temples can be determined to 5c.AD. The temples were used till 9c.AD, and in 8c.AD, the temples were rebuilt to military castles of Tang dynasty, by surrounding the great wall.