汉语动词时、体问题思辩

Rethinking about the Viewpoints of Tense and Aspect Signs of Verb in Chinese

从语法意义和语法表现形式的关系来考察,汉语动词尚未形成完整的体标记形态系统,也没有时制范畴。“了、过、着”是体(时)意义的综合句法标记,不能看作后缀或词尾。汉语的时体意义是通过词汇手段或词汇—语法手段表示的,语境和上下文对确定动作时间起着关键的作用,而“的、正(在)、呢、来着”不用来指示时间或表达体意义,而是起元语言确认(断定)功能,应看作词汇手段。

Judging by the relations between grammatic meanings and grammatical forms, Chinese verbs do not have a complete system of aspect forms and tenses. The words le、guo、zhe as complex syntactic signs can not be regarded as suffixes or endings. In Chinese, tenses and aspects of verbs are expressed by lexical or lexico-syntactical means. Context is a decisive factor for determining the tense of action. The words de、zheng(zai)、ne、laizhe do not indicate the tense or aspect of the verb. They function as metalanguage for emphasis and therefore should be viewed as lexical means.