言语行为合适条件在言语交际中的非主导性

Felicity Conditions are Not the Decisive Rules that Govern Successful Speech Acts in Human Communication

根据言语行为理论,言语行为只有在符合合适条件下才有有效的言外之力,才是有效的言语行为。就“许诺”这一具体言语行为,以中外著名文学作品中的语句为例,阐述在特定的交际语境条件下,即在特定的社会环境和交际环境中,交际者的性格、情感、信念、意图等心理因素会促使人们选择适合具体语境的言语行为,即使该行为违背某种言语行为的某项合适条件,只要选择得当,都能传递足够的信息,从而使交际得以顺利进行,实现具体的交际目的。语境因素才是言语交际中决定言语行为的主导因素。

According to Searle's speech act theory, the felicity conditions are decisive rules that govern successful speech acts in human communication. The present paper, however, states the fact that speakers' psychological trends such as personality traits, emotional involvement, patterns of beliefs, wishes and desires, motivations and intentions, may influence them in terms of linguistic choices. Speakers' promises are still successful, though they may not be consistent with a certain felicity condition. By expounding some specific examples of promises, we argue that communicative context outweighs the felicity conditions in ensuring a successful human interaction.