辽宁省自然资源可持续利用的生态足迹分析

Ecological Footprint in Sustainable Use of Resources in Liaoning Province

本文运用生态足迹方法,对2001年辽宁省及其14个城市自然资源的使用程度以及由此对土地的占用和生态环境造成的影响进行了详细的计算和分析。研究表明:辽宁省绝大部分城市的生态负荷超过了其生态容量,全省人均生态赤字为1·31hm2;资源和资源加工型城市(盘锦、鞍山、辽阳、本溪和抚顺)构成了生态严重超载的“黑色带区”,其生态赤字高达2·45hm2~5·23hm2/cap;仅锦州没有生态赤字,具有相对可持续性。化石能源消费是生态负荷的主要来源,全省该项足迹为1·63hm2/cap,占总足迹的67·3%;上述生态赤字最高的5市的化石能源足迹比例更高,均在75%以上。耕地类生态盈余主要分布在锦州、铁岭、葫芦岛和盘锦,赤字主要分布在大连、本溪、抚顺和丹东,全省耕地略有盈余。全省水域类生态盈余较高,主要分布在大连、盘锦、葫芦岛、营口和锦州5个沿海城市及丹东市。绝大部分城市出现牧草地类生态赤字,所有城市的林地略有盈余。辽宁省各市的生态效率(单位生态足迹的GDP值)很不平衡,最高者(沈阳)是最低者(阜新)的10倍多;工业产业链级高(如制造业、高技术产业)和服务业发达的城市的生态效率高;工业不发达或产业链级低(如资源开采和资源加工业)和服务业不发达的城市的生态效率低。文章针对生态足迹的结构和地理分布,对辽宁的可持续发展提出了战略取向建议。

The ecological footprint method was applied to study sustainability of natural resources use in Liaoning province and its 14 cities. This paper presents detailed results and analyses on the ecological footprints and bio-capacities of the individual cities and the province as a whole for the year 2001, and provides a clear sustainability picture of the province. Results show that ecological footprints at most of the cities in Liaoning exceed their respective bio-capacities, incurring high ecological deficits. The ecological deficit of the province is 1.31 hm^2/cap. Those cities with resources extraction or primary material-making as their main industries constitute the “ecologically black band” and their ecological deficits are the highest in the province (ranging from 2.45 to 5.23 hm^2/cap). These cities include Panjin, Anshan, Liaoyang, Benxi, and Fushun whose sustainability is of a severe situation. Jinzhou is the only city that does not have an ecological deficit and, thus, is on a relatively sustainable track of development. Fossil energy consumption is the major source of footprint which is 1.63 hm^2/cap at the provincial level,taking up 67.3% of the total. The five cities with the highest ecological deficits, the fossil energy footprints take up more than 75% of their respective total. For cropland, relatively high ecological surpluses occur in Jinzhou, Tieling, Huludao, and Panjin while relatively high ecological deficits occur in Dalian, Benxi, Fushun, and Dandong, resulting in an overall surplus at provincial level. Liaoning has a relatively high surplus of fishing ground (water area), mainly distributed in the coastal cities of Dalian, Panjin, Huludao, Yingkou, and Jinzhou and the riverside cities of Dandong. Most cities have an ecological deficit in pastureland and all have a small ecological surplus in forestland. The eco-efficiency, expressed as GDP value per hectare of footprint, exhibits high variations among the cities, with the highest (Shenyang) 10 times of the lowest (Fuxin). Cities with manufacture, high-tech, and better-developed service industries have high eco-efficiency, while those with resources extraction, primary material making, and less developed service industries have low eco-efficiency. Based on the components and geographical distribution of ecological footprint, strategic policy implications are outlined for Liaoning’s development toward a more sustainable future.