关于俄罗斯油气工业市场机制形成的问题

Concerning Russia's Oil and Gas Industrial Market System

本文从政治和经济两方面论述了俄罗斯油气上业市场机制形成中存在的问题和可能采取的解决办法。政治方面的问题涉及政府机构的改革、矿产使用法的建立以及国家、油气部门利益的划分与结合问题。解决的办法首先是实际企业的股份化。经济方面的问题,涉及如何使经济活动的主体在竞争中合理配置自有资本,并使各经营主体经营目标与国民经济效益目标最大限度地一致。俄罗斯石油工业已根据国家燃料—能源综合体股份化计划组建了三类公司。改革的意图是使其中的一体化公司成为打破部门垄断的市场竞争主体,但由于组建这类公司带有很强的宏观命令性,因而公司经营机制与自主程度都未能达到改革的目的。此外,目前俄罗斯的过严的合同协议形式和过高的通货膨胀率也是油气工业市场机制形成的主要障碍。

This paper utilizes both political and economic perspectives to discuss the problems and possible solutions involved in forming a Russian oil and gas industrial market system. Political problems include reform of government organizations, establishment of mining law, and the separation and cooperation of State and industrial interests. The initial solution to these problems is the introduction of a shareholding system. Economic problems include rational distribution of capital by the principal under conditions of market competition, as well as combining enterprise operating goals and State profit goals to the greatest possible extent. Three types of companies have been organized within Russia's oil and gas industry according to the State Comprehensive Fuel and Energy Stock Company Plan. The intention of this reform is to enable stock companies to engage in market competition to break the industrial monopoly. However, due to extreme macro-commandism during the organization of these companies, their operating mechanisms and independent processes have been unable to achieve the goals of the reform. In addition, Russia's excessively controlled contractual agreements and extreme inflation are major obstacles to the formation of an oil and gas industrial market system.