航天中压力应急防护措施的发展

Development of Protective Measures Against Emergency Depressurization During Space Flight

载人航天中座舱或舱外活动航天服应急失压是严重的偶发事件。应急失压的医学要求和生理限值是防护装备设计的基础。防护原则是立即加压供氧，确保航天员生命安全。装备应轻便，具有高度可靠性和操作简单，并需和其他防护措施协调一致，做到防护装备一体化。航天服已由早期舱内救生用发展为出舱活动装备，从低压力制向高压力制发展。出舱活动航天服制做难度大，救生措施更复杂。航天医学工程应重视研究发展舱外活动航天服及其救护措施。

Emergency depressurization of space cabin or space suit is the most serious accidental event。Medical requirements and physiologic limits are the bases for designing protective equipments,Protec-tive principles are as fallows:supply oxygen under certain pressure to the astronaut immediately to sup-port his safety; the equipments should be light;highly reliable;simple to use;Well corrdinated withother protecting measures。In the early period of manned space flight space suit was used only as a in-travehicular survival suit,today it has been developed into extravehicular activity (EVA)equipment。Its pressure has been developed from the early low mode to a high mode(Zero-prebreathing suit)。MuItiple protective measures may be applied to the space cabin depressurization。EVA is one of the im-portant activities of manned space flight.The manufacturing technique of EVA suit is complicated andsurvival measures in the open space are even more complieated.More attention should be paid to devel-op EVA suit and survival measures,