铜山烟区生态因素和烟叶质量特点

Analysis of ecological factors and quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves in Tongshan tobacco-growing areas

分析了河南省铜山烟区适宜种植烤烟的基本条件、气候因素、土壤养分状况及所产烟叶的质量特点,结果表明:(1)该烟区具有无霜期长、大于10℃积温高、日均气温大于20℃的时间长等突出特点,地貌类型为浅山丘陵,土壤为黄褐土,多呈中性微酸反应,土壤含氯量较低,多项指标均达到了烤烟适宜或最适宜类型生长发育所要求的环境条件。(2)铜山烟区较强的太阳辐射、较长的日照时数、较适宜的降雨量可能是该区域烟叶香气质好、香气量足、吃味醇厚的主要生态学外因。(3)铜山烟区土壤养分含量存在较大的变异。一般土壤有机质含量较丰富,总体供氮水平较高,速效磷含量丰缺各半,大面积土壤钾含量中等偏低,多数中微量元素含量丰富,但钙镁比、钾钙比不合理,影响了烟株对镁和钾的吸收利用,且有效钼、有效硼含量普遍偏低,应注意追施钼肥和硼肥。(4)铜山烟区烟叶颜色桔黄,外观品质佳;各化学成分含量较适宜,组成比例协调;浓香型风格突出,配伍性强,感官评吸质量较好。

Basic conditions for tobacco growing areas, meteorological factors, status of soil nutrients and quality of tobacco leaves were analyzed in Tongshan, Henan Province. The results indicated that： （1） Tongshan tobacco growing areas had a long frost-free period, high accumulated temperature of ≥ 10℃ , and a long period of time with daily average temperature of ≥ 20℃. The soil was yellowish-brown with a hilly topography, neutral to slightly acid pH, and low Cl^-1 content. （2） The stronger solar radiation, the longer sunshine hours and the more suitable precipitation could be the major climatic factors for Tongshan area to produce high quality tobacco leaves with rich aroma and taste. （3） The nutrient content of the soil showed a big variation in locations. The average contents were as follows： organic matter 1.13%, total N 0.084%, available N 85.22mg/kg, NH4-N 9.55mg/kg, total P 0.033%, available P 11.66mg/kg, total K 1-73%, available K 132.85mg/kg, exchangeable Ca 2127.21 mg/kg, exchangeable Mg 391.55mg/kg, available S 50.24mg/kg, water soluble C1 26.73mg/kg, available Fe 30.38mg/kg, available Mn 24.66mg/kg, available Zn 1.83mg/kg, available Cu 1.22mg/kg, available Mo 0.026mg/kg and available B 0.32mg/kg. The contents of organic matter, total N and available N were rich in general; the content of available P was rich for half of the soil samples, and poor for the other half; the content of available K was medium to low for most soil samples; the contents of most medium micro elements were rich. But the ratio of Ca toMgand the ratio of K to Ca in soil were not balanced, which decreased the absorption to Mg and K. In addition, the contents of available Mo and available B were obviously low, and it was suggested to add B and Mo for balanced fertilization. （4） Tongshan tobacco leaves had distinguishing features of high appearance quality with orange color, reasonable chemical constituents, rich flavor, and good sensory evaluation.