人类基因组单核苷酸多态性和单体型的分析及应用

Analysis and Application of SNP and Haplotype in the Human Genome

单核苷酸多态性是人类基因组中最丰富的遗传变异。单体型是指位于一条染色体上或某一区域的一组相关联的SNP等位位点,单体型已经成为近年来人类遗传研究的组成部分。人类基因组单体型图(HapMap)计划的目标就是构建人类DNA序列中多态位点的常见模式,找出代表整个人类基因图谱之中的SNP集合的标签SNP。在复杂性疾病研究中,由多个变异位点组合构成的单体型分析优于单个SNP的分析。文章论述了SNPs、基因型、表现型的定义与HapMap计划的一些情况,综述了单体型的3种推断算法和单体域的不同定义与构建方法,同时介绍了标签SNP的选择及单体型与复杂疾病关联分析的方法,可利用公共SNP数据库的情况以及SNPs与单体型在复杂疾病与药物反应方面的应用。

Single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） is the most common type of genetic variant in human gehome. Haplotype,defined as a specific set of alleles observed on a single chromosome,or a part of a chromosome, has been an integral part of human genetics for decades. The goal of the international HapMap project is to determine the common patterns of DNA sequence variation and find the Tag SNPs representing all SNPs in the human genome. Some studies demonstrated that the analyses of haplotype defined by the grouping and interaction of several variants rather than any individual SNP correlated with complex phenotypes. Here, we describe the definitions of SNPs, genotype, haplotype and some information of the HapMap project. In this review,we summarize the current three haplotype-inference methods,including Clark＇ method,EM algorithm and Byes approach ,and the different defining methods for haplotype block,as well as the methods for choosing tag SNPs and association studies of complex diseases using haplotype. The major public SNP databases and applications of SNPs and haplotype in common complex diseases and drug response are also introduced in the paper.