芥菜型油菜×羽衣甘蓝种间杂种的获得及其性状表现

Obtaining and Character of the Interspecfic Hybrids between B. juncea and B. oleracea var.aceaphala

芸薹属内遗传和变异类型极其丰富,这为芸薹属植物种间杂交提供了条件。通过甘蓝(B.oleracea,2n=CC=18)和芥菜型油菜(2n=AABB=36)的种间杂交可以获得六倍体新物种,为油菜育种创造新的种质资源。本文选用芥菜型油菜和黄籽羽衣甘蓝(B.oleraceavar.aceaphala,2n=CC=18)进行种间杂交,在10个杂交组合中,共授粉559朵花,剥离种子35粒,对所得种子进行组织培养,建立了9个无性系。对该无性系进行染色体加倍处理和形态学、生物化学、细胞学、育性综合鉴定,发现其中2个无性系为黄籽芥菜型油菜×黄籽羽衣甘蓝组合(03K169×03K05)的未加倍真杂种(2n=ABC=27),其籽粒为红色。杂种植株在各生长阶段,形态均趋近于甘蓝型油菜;在减数分裂后期Ⅰ、后期Ⅱ,杂种都有不同程度的染色体丢失现象。杂种的酯酶同工酶具有两个亲本互补酶带。杂种植株生长势较强,和双亲相比具有较强的杂种优势。杂种植株高度自交不亲和。

There are abundant genetic typos available for making interspocific hybrids in Brassica. New sextuploid species （2n = AABBCC = 54） can be obtained through interspocific hybridization between Brassica juncea （2 n = AABB = 36） and Brassica oleracea （2n = CC = 18）. 10 crosses between B. juncea and B. oleracea var. aceaphala （2n = CC = 18） were selected, and 559 flowers were pollinated artificially and 35 seeds were obtained, and 9 clones were gained through tissue culture （Table 1 ）. These clones were treated for chromosome doubling and distinguished by the methods in morphology （Plate Ⅰ-1, Plate Ⅰ-2, Plate Ⅰ-3）, cytology （Plate Ⅰ-4）, biochemistry （Fig. 1 ） and sterility. The results showed that two clones are true hybrids with red seedcoat, which derived from the same intersposific cross between B. oleracea var.aceaphala and B. juncea （03K169 × 03K05）, however, they failed to be doubled in chromosome number. The hybrid plants were similar to B. napus in morphology in every growing period （Plate Ⅰ-1, Plate Ⅰ-2, Plate Ⅰ-3 ）. Some chromosomes lost in different degrees in meiosis anaphase Ⅰ and meiosis anaphase Ⅱ （PlateⅠ-4）. The hybrids had complementary esterase isozyme bands compared with its parents in the zymograms （Fig. 1 ）. The hybrids had stronger growth vigor and higher heterosis than their parents （Table 2）. Most of them are self-incompatibility highly.