两种文化的冲突与当代心理学研究方法的发展新趋向

The Conflicts between Two Cultures and the New Trends of Modern Research Methods of Psychology

研究证实,现代心理学中存在着“科学”与“人文”两种文化之间的分裂与冲突。科学主义研究方法的局限性受到了批评,首先,实证主义的研究方法抹杀了“人”的存在,割裂了人性;其次,它忽视心理现象与人的存在的社会历史性;另外,科学主义的研究方法所提倡的“价值中立”说,既在操作上不可行,同时也压制与扼杀了弱势群体的观点、愿望和呼声。人文主义的研究方法也因片面夸大情绪、需要与非理性体验的作用,具有神秘主义色彩而受到批评。总的说来,片面强调科学或片面强调人文的研究方法,对心理学的发展都会产生消极作用。基于此认识,当代心理学研究方法的发展,有三个主要趋向整合两种文化,实现心理学中两种文化的统一;将人文与社会科学的一些研究方法引入心理学研究领域,重视文化、历史与社会环境因素在心理学研究中的重要意义;心理学的本土化。

The existence of separation and conflict between Science and Humanism in modem psychology has led to widespread criticism of the scientific research approach for its ignorance of man＇ s existence and its humanity in positivism, as well as neglect of psychological phenomena and the societal and historical nature of man. Furthermore, the “value neutralism” advocated in sciencism has repressed insights, wishes and aspirations of the disadvantaged community, thus lacking feasibility with its mysticism for its overemphasis on the role of emotions, needs and irrational experiences. Bsaed on the recognition of the negative impacts of sciencism, the paper presents the three major trends in the development of modem psychological research methods ： Integration of sciencism and humanism ; emphasis on the role of culture, history and social environment in psychological research ; and the naturalization of psychology.