菜饼粕中有毒物含量及其对肉鸡主要脏器的组织学影响

Histological Changes in Main Viscera of Broiler Chickens Fed on Different Rapeseed Meal Containing Toxic Substances

收集江苏省２０２型菜粕、９５型菜饼样本共１０个，测定唑烷硫酮（ＯＺＴ）、异硫氰酸盐（ＩＴＣ）和腈的含量。菜粕中腈的含量约是菜饼中的４．５倍。以９％比例的菜粕、菜饼饲喂肉鸡，３４天后取出脏器，切片光镜检查表明，腈的毒害强于ＯＺＴ、ＩＴＣ，主要影响血液，使血浆蛋白凝固。当菜粕含腈２３５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ以上时，肝、肾组织的微血管中出现透明血栓的特异变化。此外，腈与ＯＺＴ、ＩＴＣ共同伤害肝、肾细胞，造成颗粒变性、水泡变性、内皮增生等，使肾小管中出现絮状物、细胞碎片、细胞性圆柱。甲状腺伤害程度与ＯＺＴ、ＩＴＣ含量高低有关，当ＯＺＴ、ＩＴＣ含量大于２７００ｍｇ／ｋｇ时，饲喂９％菜饼粕后，甲状腺上皮细胞明显增生，被膜出血或充血。菜饼粕因加工工艺不同，硫苷的分解产物亦不同，对动物各脏器的侵害程度也有所差别。

Ten samples of rapeseed meal of oil press type 202 or type 95 were collected from oil mills and their contents of oxazolidimethione (OZT),isothiocyanate(ITC)and nitrile were determined.Histological changes in the liver,kidney and thyroid gland were observed in broiler chickens fed on diets containing 9% of these rapeseed meals or cakes at the age of 15-49 days.The content of nitrile in the rapeseed meal was 2080 mg/kg, 4.5 times as much as that in the rapeseed cake, 376 mg/kg. Nitrile showed more toxicity to the liver and kidney than OZT and ITC did. It was harmful to blod and caused plasm protein solidified. Hyalin thrombi appeared in capillaries in the liver or kidney when the content of nitrile was as high as 2350mg/kg. As well as OZT and ITC, nitrile was harmful to the liver and kidney, causing degeneration of granules and hydropic and endothelial cell hyperplasia in liver tissue, and formation of flocculi, celf fragments and cell columns in kindey tissue.The degree of thyroid gland damage was related to the content of OZT plus ITC in feed. Hyperplasia of epithelial cells and hemorrhage or hyperemia in the thyroid gland appeared when the content of OZT plus ITC in rapeseed meal or cake was higher than 2700 mg/kg.Rapeseed meal and cake showed different harmful effects on chicken viscera because they were processed by different methods which resulted in different decomposion products from glucosinolates.