中日未成年人违法犯罪司法保护制度比较

A Comparison of the Juridical Protection Systems between China and Japan of Nonage Criminals

未成年人属于特殊的法律主体,在处理未成年人违法犯罪问题时须依据司法保护制度进行。中日两国都有未成年人违法犯罪的司法保护制度。中国的司法保护制度有两项重要内容:一是收容教养制度;二是不起诉制度。以上两项制度对未成年人的司法保护均起了积极作用。日本的未成年人司法保护也有两项重要内容:一是实验观察制度,它有两种形式:(一)在宅实验观察,(二)委托辅导实验观察;二是少年司法审判前的保护程序。从主体界定和实施效果上说,中国的收容教养制度略显严格,日本的实验观察制度则较为宽和;中国的不起诉制度略显疏阔,日本的司法审判前保护程序则较为细密。这与两国司法制度形成的历史条件和传统有关。

The nonage crimes have become one of the popular social problems in the present world. Yet each country has its own juridical protection system for such nonage criminals since they belong to a special group of legal person. There exists a degree of strictness between the Chinese and the Japanese juridical systems. For example, the practice in China would meet contradictions and conflicts because of the institutional defects of the Chinese system of re-education through labour and the enlargement of non-prosecution, which would always give rise to the outcome of unbalanced sentence. However,the peculiar Japanese “experimental watch” system, and the successful implementation of routinized protection procedure of the juvenile juridical pre-sentence, fully display the delicateness of the system making and the humanistic nature. Such a difference is concerned with the formation tradition and the legislative status quo of our juridical protection system. Hence we should as early as possible perfect this system so as to protect the legal right of the nonage criminals.