哺乳动物精子获能的分子机制

Molecular Mechanism of Mammalian Sperm Capacitation

精子获能是精子能够与卵母细胞发生顶体反应和受精的一个重要生理前提。精子获能的分子机制相当复杂,许多报道表明精子获能受到多种细胞信号途径的调控。尽管目前尚未完全明确,但是许多研究表明获能精子发生许多结构和生化变化,包括蛋白酪氨酸磷酸化、精子膜胆固醇外流、活性氧的产生及精子膜超极化,这些变化都有助于精子获能的发生。Ca2+和HCO3-通过对cAMP的调控有助于获能完成,葡萄糖、孕酮和肝素作为获能液的重要添加物,通过不同途径促发精子获能。文章从这些方面对获能做一综述,在此基础上提出以后的研究方向。

Capacitation is an important physiological prerequisite before the sperm cell can react with the acrosome and fertilize the oocyte. The molecular mechanisms of capacitation are too complex, but many reports have documented that the capacitation is regulated by the activation of cellular signaling pathways.Although the molecular mechanisms of capacitation are not completely elucidated, many studies have demonstrated an involvement of numerous structural and biochemical modifications in spermatozoa,including protein tyrosine phosphorylation, cholesterol efflux from sperm plasma membrane, generation of reactive oxygen species and hyperpolarization of sperm plasma membrane,which are helpful to promote capacitation. Moreover,Ca^2＋ and HCO3^- can regulate the level of cAMP to improve capacitation. As the important components,glucose,progeterone and heparin also promote capacitation in different ways. This article reviews these aspects and prospects the research direction of capacitation.