艺术体操运动员脊柱腰段损伤特征

Characteristics of lumbar segment injury of spinal cord in eurythmics athletes

目的:因艺术体操运动项目中大量动作是依靠脊柱腰段超常幅度的屈伸或扭转来完成的,长期的局部负荷导致运动员脊柱腰段损伤的发生,本文主要探讨分析艺术体操运动员脊柱腰段损伤特征。方法:于2000-09月选择15个省市的114名优秀艺术体操运动员为艺术体操组;以来自国家体操队的11名运动员为体操组,武汉杂技团的11名演员为杂技组。设后两组为对照。采用文献资料法查阅关于高水平艺术体操运动员的损伤尤其是腰部损伤及相关运动项目运动员的损伤现状方面的资料。采用专家访谈法对教练员进行访谈以了解运动员的损伤现状、原因、多发期等。采用问卷调查法对优秀艺术体操运动员、体操运动员和杂技演员的损伤具体部位、损伤原因、损伤程度、项目训练特点等进行问卷调查。采用上海200mAX射线机对部分典型病例进行脊柱腰段关节前后位拍片,此部分由医院专业人士完成。主要观察运动员腰部损伤程度、腰椎椎体骨骺损伤的具体部位、脊柱腰段的形态结构的改变程度。运用单因子方差分析及进一步的多重比较、独立样本t检验的统计方法。结果:艺术体操组114名及体操组11名和杂技组的11名均进入结果分析。①艺术体操运动员腰部损伤现状:97.5%的运动员患有腰部损伤,100%的运动员表示有过不同程度的腰部疼痛;主要损伤具体部位有腰椎间盘突出,腰背肌筋膜炎,腰椎骨骺炎,腰椎错位和腰肌劳损。②技术结构的特殊性所致腰椎椎体骨骺损伤的差异:艺术体操组与杂技组的损伤部位主要发生在腰椎椎体的前上缘,但艺术体操组损伤概率远远高于杂技组。体操组运动员的损伤主要集中在腰椎椎体前上缘和前下缘。③技术水平的不均衡性所致腰痛程度的比较:健将级、预备健将级和一级运动员的腰痛程度评分分别为3.8182±1.2505,3.5833±1.0836,2.7647±0.7524。不同运动等级的运动员腰痛程度差异集中在健将级与预备健将级、健将级与一级组之间,而预备健将级别与一级组之间没有显著性差异。④个人集体项目的差异性所致腰部损伤的差异:集体项目运动员腰部损伤程度低于个人项目(2.8750±0.7188),(3.583±1.2129),t=2.098,P=0.043。⑤形态与机能变化外显的不一致性:在对现有国家队10名运动员抽样X射线拍片中发现,运动员脊柱腰段的形态结构与正常人相比都有不同程度的改变。询问得知只有4人表示没有明显的疼痛感。结论:艺术体操运动员腰部损伤特征主要表现技术结构的特殊性、脊柱腰段过度的伸展性、技术水平的不均衡性、个人集体项目的差异性和形态与机能变化外显的不一致性5个方面。脊柱腰段的损伤是影响国内艺术体操运动员训练和比赛发挥的重要因素,应引起教练员和运动员的高度重视。

AIM： Large quantities of movements of artistic gymnastics are completed by supernormal extent and rotate, a long period of part load usually cause the injury of lumbar spine and waist segment. This text mainly explores the characteristics of the spinal column and waist segment injury in artistic gymnastics athletes. METHODS： 114 excellent artistic gymnastics athletes from 15 cities and provinces during September 2000 as artistic gymnastics group; 11 athletes from national gymnastics team as gymnastics group, 11 actors from Wuhan vaudeville band as vaudeville group. The latter two was set as control. The materials of injury of high level athletes, especially the waist injury and injury condition of relative movement program athletes were checked with literature data method. The visit was done on coach hy specialist visit method to understand the condition, reason, multiple period of injury etc. The injury part, reason, degree, program training character of injury etc. in the excellent gymnastics athletes, gymnastics athletes and acrobat was performed questionnaire survey. The front and back of joints of spinal column and waist segment were taken pictures on part of typical cases with Shanghai 200 mA X ray machine, and this part was done by the specialty people in the hospital. The injury degree of waist, the concrete part of lumbar spine epiphyseal injury and the change degree of formation structure of spinal column and waist segment were observed mainly. The simple factor analysis of variance and further statistical method of multiple comparison and independent exponent t-test were used. RESULTS： 114 people in artistic gymnastics group, 11 people in gymnastics group and 11 people in vaudeville group were all involved in the result analysis. ① The condition of waist injury of artistic gymnastics athletes： The 97.5% athletes had waist injury, and 100% athletes said that had waist ache in different degree, The main injury parts included prolapse of lumhar intervertebral, muscles of waist and back myofascitis, epiphysitis of lumhar spine, malposition of lumbar spine and lumbar muscle strain. ② The difference of injury of lumhar spine epiphyses induced by particular technical structure： The injury part in the artistic gymnastics group and the vaudeville group mainly occurred on the anterior superior border of lumbar spine vertebral body, but the injury probability in the artistic gymnastics group was significantly higher than that in the vaudeville group. The injury part in the gymnastics group mainly occurred on the anterior superior border and anterior inferior boarder. ③ The comparison of lumbag degree due to unbalance of technical level： The score of lumbag degree of master sportsman grade, preparation master sportsman grade and first grade athletes was 3.818 2±1.250 5, 3.583 3±1.083 6, 2.764 7±0.752 4, respectively. The difference of lumbag degree of different grade athletes focused on among the master sportsman grade group and the preparation master sportsman grade group, the master sportsman grade group and first grade group, while there were insignificant difference between the preparation master sportsman grade group and first grade group. ④ The difference of waist injury due to the difference of individual collective items： The injury degree of collective item athletes was lower than that of individual item [（2.875 0±0.718 8）, （3.583±1.212 9）, t=2.098, P=0.043]. ⑤ The discordance of change display of form and function： In the X ray pictures of the l0 national team athletes we found that there were some changes of the formation of the spinal column and waist segment compared with the common people in different degree. After inquiry, only 4 people did not have the significant painful feeling. CONCLUSION： The characteristics of waist injury of artistic gymnastic sathletes mainly manifest in 5 aspects, the particularity of technical structure, super-extensibility of spinal column and waist segment, unbalance of technical level, the difference of individual collective item and the discordance of change display of form and function. The injury of spinal column and waist segment is the important factor that has effects on the exertion of training and competition of national artistic gymnastics athletes, and should be thought highly by coaches and athletes.