猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗——半个世纪的回顾

The Lapinized Chinese Strain of Classical Swine Fever Virus: a Retrospective Review Spanning Half a Century

猪瘟是一种严重危害养猪业的毁灭性传染病。20世纪50年代中国首创了举世闻名的猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗(即C株),随后创制了不同的疫苗制造工艺,如细胞培养苗、乳兔组织苗和牛体反应组织苗等。C株是一株非常安全的弱毒疫苗,对各种年龄和品种的猪都没有副作用,并且有良好的免疫效力,它能同时诱导体液免疫和细胞免疫应答,对不同基因型的猪瘟病毒株均能提供有效的免疫保护。免疫母猪通过母乳可对仔猪提供被动免疫保护,但过高水平的母源抗体会影响仔猪对C株疫苗的主动免疫应答。目前已经完成了包括C株及其亲本株在内的几十株猪瘟病毒的全基因组序列测定和注释,建立了猪瘟病毒的反向遗传操作系统,初步解析了猪瘟病毒主要基因的结构与功能,并构建了不同的反向遗传操作标记疫苗,赋予了C株疫苗新的生命和内涵。C株疫苗可以用于猪瘟的控制和根除,借助于C株疫苗密集接种和综合控制措施,有关国家有效地控制了猪瘟,甚至消灭了猪瘟。尽管如此,要在全球范围内根除猪瘟,今后依然有漫长的路要走,这可能有赖于对C株进行进一步改造和利用。

Classical swine fever （CSF）, a list A disease of Office International des Epizooties, is caused by classical swine fever virus （CSFV） belonging to the Flaviviridae family. The well-known lapinized Chinese strain of CSFV, also known as C-strain, was developed in China in the middle 1950s. In the past half a century, the vaccine has been proved to be safe and immunogenic in pigs of essentially any age. It is of high efficacy. It provides immunized animals with broad-spectrtun, sometimes lifelong, protection, which is contributed by cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity, against essentially all genotypes or subgenotypes of the virus The maternal antibodies derived from immunized sows can confer solid protection of their offspring from disease; however they have been proved to inhibit the successful immunization of C-vaccine. The complete genome of C-strain, together with those of its parent Shimen and dozens of established and field strains, has been sequenced and annotated. Recently, the reverse genetics system of C-strain has been developed, resulting in several C-strain-derived candidate marker vaccines. Many countries manage to control or even eradicate CSF with the aid of C-strain vaccination. In spite of these efforts, the eradication of the disease worldwide remains a big challenge and needs a long way to go, and provably still resort to genetically modified C-strain. This paper reviews the different aspects of the vaccine, which has stood the test of half a century.