穿洞史前遗址（1981年发掘）初步研究

A BRIEF STUDY ON CHUANDONG PREHISTORIC SITE (EXCAVATED IN 1981)

本文记述了穿洞史前文化遗址首次系统发掘和对其初步研究成果．它第一次公布了遗址含文化遗物的地层剖面和在同一文化遗址内存在两种文化类型的实例；其丰富的文化内涵，使人们对穿洞史前文化遗址在史前学中的意义有了清晰的认识，也为穿洞遗址在史前考古学中的科学地位奠定了较牢固的基础．

Chuandong prehistoric site found in 1978 is situated west about 4km of the city of Pudingcounty, Guizhou Province.The first systematic excavation of the site was undertaken by theMuseum of Guizhou Province and institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology,ACademia Sinica in 1981. This paper mainly describes the results of the preliminary study of thisexcavation and discusses some problems of the site.The cultural relics--bearing sediments were divided into 10 layers (unreaching bottom of thedeposits). Abundant cultural relics which include over 3000 stone artifacts, about 500 specimensof the polished bone tools, some bone and antler artifacts, the plentiful remains of using fire(containing 4 'foycrs', about 7000 pieces of burned broken bone and one ash layer). 30 pieces ofhuman fossils, 13 species of mammalian fossils and more than 10000 pieces of mammalian bonefragments were found in situ.1.Industrial charactersOn the basis of the preliminary study of the remains from Chuandong prehistoric site excavated in 1981, some characters of the assemblage could be shown as follows:(1) Flakes were produced by three methods: edge crushing, hammer percussion and bipolartechnique. The former two are the main way for making flake and the last is very rare in our colICChons.(2) The used flakes without trim are more common.(3) The mabrity of these tools were retouched on the ventral surface of the flakes and areisrgcr in size. The tools could be divided into three types: scrapers, pointed tools and choppersinduding a few chopping tools. They were so finely trimmed as with regular shape and sharpedge. Most of end scrapers have a sharp cutting edge which is difTerent from the same type ofother sites in'China.(4) The polished bone tools are subdivided into six types, such as spades, awls, needles, flattool with a fork. no edge's slub and nat utensil latter similars to hairpin of Neolithic age inChina. All bone tools were carefully manufactured with delicate shape.2. DiscUSSion of some problems(1) The division of cultural pattern and stage The industry found in Cbuandong prehistoric site could be subdivided into two patterns and two stages: the early one and late one. Thedifferences on the relics of the early and late stages see table I in Chinese.(2) The period of the site According to 14C dating, the early stage is about 16000ybp(L8)while the late stage is dated to be 8080±100ybp(L3), 8670±100ybp(L4), 8540±100ybp(L5)and 9600±100ybp(L6). Therefore, the early stage belongs to upper Pleistocenc or latepaleolithic stage and the late stage is attributed to early Holocene or Mesolithic and even to early Neolithic in China. Owing to no existing of the characters of Mesolithic and early Neolithicculture, such as microlith, polished stone tools and ceramics in the assemblage, the industry ofthe late stage is called as Epi-paleolithic one and itS period is named as Epi-paleolithic.(3) Cultural relation and named problem Judging by the main characters of the assemblage from Chuandong prehistoric site. the artifacts of lower part is closely related to those fromthe upper part of Ma'anshan site of Tongzi county, Guizhou Province and Fulin site ofHanyuan county, Sichuan Province while relics of the upper part belong to Maomaodong Culture but there arc some less important differences between the industries in Chuandong andMaomaodong prehistoric sites. We propose that the assemblage from upper part of Chuandongsite should be called Chuandong cultural parttcrn of Maomaodong Culture.As mentioned above, the important significance of the site has been clearly known and itsscientific situation has also laid more solid foundation in prehistoric archeology of China.