黄土高原地区的雨水利用技术与发展──窑窖节水农业是缺水山区高效农业的出路

Techniques and Development on Rainwater Use in Loess Plateau Region─The Cellar-style Agriculture With Water Saving Use Is the Way out for Efficient Agriculture in Hilly Area

黄土高原地处西部内陆，缺水严重，平均水资源深９０．６ｍｍ，而雨水资源却相当丰富，平均年降水量４９０ｍｍ，平均每１ｈｍ２雨水资源３０００～６０００ｍ３，加之地形起伏，降水集中，使得收集利用雨水既必要又可能，故历史上群众已创造了丰富的集水用水经验，其代表性有效技术有：（１）改造地形，就地拦蓄，（２）疏松表土，增加入渗；（３）增加覆盖，减少蒸发；（４）合理布局作物，提高雨水利用效率；（５）利用生物工程，减少径流；（６）修筑集流系统，发展窑窖节水农业。黄土高原不仅在雨水利用上有优良传统，而且正向新技术、大范围、高效益方面发展．其潜力巨大，未来雨水利用无疑将对黄土高原治理与开发产生强有力的推动作用。

The loess plateau is in the western of China,it belongs to inland area.For lacking of water resources(the total water resources is 90. 6mm in depth),serious lossing of water and soil,the rainwater is becoming more and more important to resist droughts,develop industry and agriculture,and also improve economic environment.In addition,up-down topography and centralized rainfall(it counts for 65% rainfall from June to July of annual rainfall)would benefit to collect water.Therefor,many ways to gether runoff into soil have been founded and used since a long history.They are as follows:(l)Transforming topography for cutting runoff;(2)Ploughing and raking soil to keep water;(3)Increasing cover to reduce the loss of soil moisture and rise up water use efficiency;(4)Reasonable forming corp pattern and increasing input of fertilizer to improve water use efficiency;(5)Interval seeding and rotating of crops to reduce runoff;(6)Developing water harying system and establishing cellar-style agriculture with water saving use.All above methods give us a wide range for efficient use of rainfall in the area,and would accelerate economical exploitation and ecological environment establishment.