舟子与国家——明清文献中的山东海道

Seamanship and the State——Shandong Sea Route in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

清代官方文本中山东沿海海道的记载,多抄自雍正《山东通志》中的南北海道。本文考证了南北海道的成书时间:南海道为明代后期隆万海运时的运道,但加入了大量康熙年间海道的内容;北海道"黄中海程"的正文部分,为雍正七年以前山东沿海的海道,而注释部分为罗克昌所作。至清中叶,山东外洋航线兴起,并最终取代了沿海航线,成为官方指定的运道。官方文本中海道的记载,通过对"舟子秘本"的重构,形成了一套以国家利益为中心的话语。然而官方文本随着后世的传抄和修改,已面目全非,"舟子秘本"也不免散失的命运。

In the Qing Dynasty, official records regarding Shandong’s nautical route was mostly about the Northern and Southern routes mentioned in The Comprehensive History of Shandong Province compiled during the Yongzheng Period. This paper studies the completion time of North and South sea routes. The Southern sea route was formed in the Longqing and Wanli period in the late Ming, with a great deal of information compiled during the Kangxi Period of the Qing Dynasty. The main body of the Northern Sea route, 'Shandong Nautical Route' was about the route formed before the 7th year of Yongzheng Period; while the annotation was done by Luo Kechang. By the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the offshore open water route replaced the coastal lines and became the officially designated route. The official record of the nautical routes, through the reconfiguration of 'Zhouzi Miben,' formed an official discourse that was centered around national interests. However, this official record not longer represented its original appearance due to generations of alteration and modifications.