市场失效与规划失效

Market Failure and Planning Failure

微观经济学的市场边际原则被证明能够有效地指导稀缺资源的有效利用和分配,使资源效率达到最佳。市场边际原则也被应用来广泛地指导城市发展。然而,城市土地开发商和私有经营者追求的是自身利润最大化,当他们决定在哪里建什么(或做什么)时,很少考虑他们的决定对城市其他经济活动所带来的负面影响。本文阐述城市土地利用中的市场失效,讨论城市规划的本质和内容,总结城市规划失效,以及如何做好城市规划从而使城市规划与市场原则共同指导城市发展。

Marginal principle in which price should be set at the point where marginal benefit equals marginal cost yields efficiency in resources uses and allocations. This principle should be widely used to guide urban development. However, urban developers and private entrepreneurs seek to maximize profits. They seldom consider potential negative impacts of their activities on others. The rationale of urban planning in the context of market forces is derived from market failure in urban land use and land development. This paper illustrates market failure in urban land use and discusses the nature and contents of urban planning. It also summarizes from international experiences planning failure what planners should do to make planning work hand by hand with market forces.