傩文化暨贵州傩戏类型

Nuo Culture and Various Types of Nuo Plays

“傩”(读作“nuo”)是古代逐鬼驱疫的宗教仪式。傩在中国是一种原始文化现象,滥觞于史前,盛行于商周,它以顽强的生命力和凝聚力,流传了几千年。据《礼记》记载,每年十二月,周代要举行“大腊”和“大傩”仪式。“大腊”迎祭的是与农业有关的神灵,其意在于感谢一年来神灵的保佑,祈求来年的丰收。“大傩”则由神兽式装扮的巫师“方相氏”驱鬼逐疫,其意在于去掉寒气,消除灾难。这两种宗教仪式都是全国性的,上自天子,下及庶民,全都参与。腊祭之时,饮酒欢娱,举国若狂;傩仪之时,击鼓呼噪,惊天动地。自汉代开始,关于傩的记载逐渐增多。汉代不但规定了宫傩实施的次数、时间,同时亦扩展了傩仪的规模,并明确了参与傩仪子弟的身份、人数、年龄,以及方相氏、十二神兽和童子服饰。这一时期的傩仪将歌词(咒语)、音乐和舞蹈结合起来,有明显的走向歌舞戏的倾向。“大傩”驱疫仪式,南北朝时在体制上虽仍循汉代,但声势更为壮观,仪式更趋复杂。这时,皇帝与王公大臣参加傩礼的“预观”,他们从傩祭的实际参与者变成傩仪观赏者。

Nuo was a religious ceremony to dispel ghosts and epidemics in the ancient times. Owing to its great vitality and cohesive force, it has lasted for thousands of years and become an important component of the traditional Chinese-culture. Nuo play is a kind of drama derived from the religious activities of Nuo rites. As a carrier of Nuo culture, Nuo play has both the pragmatic religious function and the aesthetic creational function. In ancient times, Guizhou was a 'barbarian place' inhabited by many minorities. It was also a natural reservoir of the ancient Chinese culture and numerous local cultures. Thus, a lot of old cultural activities have been preserved, the most representative of which is the Nuo culture of Guizhou. Nuo plays of Guizhou are of colorful styles with a multitude of names and can be classified into various types and different levels.