公共惩罚与私人惩罚的互动——一个解读法律制度的新视角

The Interaction be tween Private Punishment and Public Punishment:An Approach ot Interprete Legal System

公共惩罚与私人惩罚既相互排斥又相互补充,公共惩罚与私人惩罚的互动可以作为一个解读法律制度的视角。国家为维持法律实施的垄断,通常会对私人惩罚手段(尤其是私人暴力)进行限制,但为节省公共惩罚资源的支出,法律又必须在某些场合容忍甚至利用私人之间的监控与惩罚,公共惩罚资源的有限性迫使国家把私人之间的监控和惩罚视为一项重要的社会控制资源。法律制度的设计应当充分发挥公共惩罚和私人惩罚的比较优势,合理划分公共控制区域和私人控制区域,并努力追求社会控制总成本(即公共控制成本和私人控制成本之和)的最小化。西方近代政治的古典自由主义、中国古代政治的消极无为主义以及公法与私法的区分都在一定程度上体现了这一原则。

The interaction be tween private punishment and public punishment was originated at the foundation of the state. The state, in order to keep implementing legal monopoly, often restricts or even prohibits the private enforcement means（especially private violence）; but to save the expenditure of the public enforcement resources, the state must also put up with or even take full advantage of the private enforcement on some occasions. The limit of public enforcement resources forces the state to take the private monitor and punishment as important social controlled resources. The design of legal system should give full play to the comparative superiority of public enforcement and private enforcement, fairly divide public controlled area and private controlled area, and strive to seek minimum of social controlled total cost. It embodies this principle to a certain degree by the Classic Liberalism of western modern politics, passive doctrine of Inactivity of Chinese ancient politics and the division of public and private laws. The interaction of private enforcement and public enforcement both repelling and complementing each other can be an Approach to interprete legal system.