黑土区县域生态工程建设对农业景观的调控

Effect of ecological engineering construction at county scale on agricultural landscape in the black soil region of Northeast China

近年来,东北典型黑土区的水土流失问题得到了广泛的关注。该文运用景观生态学的空间分析方法,在地理信息系统GIS支持下,以1989年和2002年陆地资源卫星LandsatTM为主要信息源,结合测绘图件、统计数据及野外调查,分析黑土侵蚀区典型县域(拜泉县)生态恢复与重建的景观结构和水土保持效应。研究结果表明从1989到2002年,研究区耕地面积下降24731.01hm2,林草地面积增加了13567.53hm2,林网进一步完善,水库和塘坝数量由88座增加到1490座。全县55%的水蚀面积得到治理,82.2%的风蚀农田得到林网的防护,43.7%的景观地表超渗径流得到集蓄利用,大于1.5°坡耕地泥沙径流拦截面积增加1420.10hm2。大规模生态建设下,区域景观类型数量和空间配置发生了较大的变化,景观结构的调整对其水土保持功能起到了很好的调控作用。

With the support of Geographic Information System （GIS）, the effects of regional ecological construction on agricultural landscape pattern and function of soil and water conservation in the black soil region of Northeast China were analyzed using spatial analysis method of landscape ecology. The data came from classification of remote sensing images （TM）, statistics, and field investigations. The results showed that the area of farmland reduced by 24731. 01 hm^2, forest land and grassland area increased by 13567. 53 hm^2, the number of reservoirs and ponds increased from 88 in 1989 to 1402 in 2002, respectively. Until 2002, among the whole water loss land, 55% was managed effectively. The percentage of protected farmland by shelterbelt networks increased to 82.2 %. Among surface runoff in whole landscape, 43.7 % was collected in reservoirs and ponds. The intercepted area of sediment from slope farmland （〉1.5°） increased by 1420.10 hm^2. The positive effect of landscape changes induced by regional ecological construction is distinct on soil and water conservation.