国家紧急权宪法条款设计之若干核心问题探讨——以德国法为经验

On Several Core issues about Forming the Constitutional Clauses of State Emergency Power——Taking Germany Law as Example

在国家紧急权力发动的具体情形、由谁决定紧急状态的存在以及对紧急权力的监督等关于紧急权力宪法条款设计的要件规范、主体规范和保障规范三个核心问题上,德国从1919年的《威玛宪法》到1968年的《基本法》,经历了从概括条款之立法到列举条款之立法,从独任制之立法到合议制之立法,从监督能力欠缺之立法到监督能力维持之立法的转变。我国宪法修正案中的紧急权力条款则存在要件规范和监督规范之缺损和主体规范之空泛等缺陷。借鉴德国的立法经验,从要件规范、主体规范和保障规范等方面完善我国紧急权力宪法条款之设计。

The three core issues—conditlon norm, body norm and safeguard norm, in the other words, when to use state emergency power, who can decide the emergency state and how to supervise the emergency power, concemed of forming the constitutional clauses of state emergency power, in German, from the 《weima Constitution》of 1919 to Basic Law of 1968, have undergone from the generalization clause to enumeration clause, from monopoly clause to collegiality clause and from being short of monitor ability to maintaining monitor ability. The clauses of state emergency power in constitutional amendment in China have some deficiencies , such as without condition norm and safeguard norm. Drawing lessons from German, we can perfect the constitutional clauses of state emergency power from condition norm, body norm and safeguard norm.