儿童青少年心理咨询与成年人心理咨询的比较

Comparison of psychological counseling between adolescents and adults

目的:通过儿童青少年心理咨询与成年人心理咨询的比较,分析儿童青少年心理咨询的独特性。资料来源:应用计算机检索Medline数据库1950-01/1998-12有关心理咨询与治疗的文章,限定文章语言为English,检索词“school,counsel-ingandpsychotherapy”,并阅读了2000年以来有关心理咨询与心理治疗方面的代表性著作。资料选择:对资料进行初审,选取符合要求的有关文献,并查找全文。纳入标准:①有关儿童青少年心理咨询与心理治疗方面的研究原著。②有关成年人心理咨询与心理治疗方面的研究原著。排除标准:文献中重复研究和个案分析类研究。资料提炼:共收集到32篇有关儿童青少年心理咨询与成年人心理咨询比较的文章,排除类似或重复的研究,纳入7篇。其中有关儿童青少年心理咨询与心理治疗的文章4篇,有关成年人心理咨询与心理治疗方面的文章3篇。资料综合:儿童青少年是处于发展中的个体,许多在成年人身上被当作有问题的行为对儿童或青少年来说也许只是正常发展过程中的偏离,因此儿童青少年心理咨询应为教育属性,而不是治疗属性。由于成年人生活事件、生活环境复杂多变,咨询内容多为职业适应困难、性心理疾患、人格异常等,心理问题程度较重且干预难度较大,他们能够意识到问题的存在并主动就诊,与咨询师组成治疗联盟,咨询师对成年人通常应用言语技术使他们的自制达到最佳状态,让他们做出改变以趋向自立。儿童青少年的生活环境、生活事件相对单纯简单,咨询内容多为学习适应困难、人际交往困扰,主要表现有厌学、逆反、激怒等,心理问题常常程度较轻,但也容易忽视,由于儿童青少年受到认知水平的限制,往往不能意识到自己存在的问题,也不太可能主动接受咨询,不管儿童意愿如何,咨询师都会与送儿童就诊的监护人达成某种一致,咨询师多使用行为矫正、游戏疗法、艺术治疗等非言语技术帮助其认识自我,寻找自己的优缺点,确立自我发展的方向及适合自己的抱负水平,使自我完善发展,最终达到个人与社会价值的和谐统一。结论:儿童青少年与成人心理咨询在咨询属性、目标、内容、方法及咨询联盟等方面存在着巨大差异。儿童青少年的心理问题多为发展性问题,所以对他们的咨询要以教育引导为主,在这一前提下针对儿童青少年不同年龄阶段面临的不同发展任务确定咨询目标,根据他们的心理发展水平选择合适的咨询方法,以促进儿童青少年心理的正常健康发展。

OBJECTIVE： To analyze the specialty of psychological counseling on children-adolescents through the comparison of the psychological counseling on children-adolescents and adults. DATA SOURCES： We searched the Medline Database for the related articles on psychological counseling anti treatment published from January 1950 to December 1998, and limited the language to English with the key words “school, counseling and psychotherapy”. The representative masterpieces on psychological counseling and psychotherapy, which published before the year of 2000, were read. STUDY SELECTION： The materials were selected firstly, and those accordant literatures were collected and searched fnr the full texts. Inclusion criteria： ①The research masterpieces on psychological counseling of children-adolescents and psychotherapy.②The research masterpieces on psychological counseling of adults and psychotherapy. Exclusion Criteria： Those repetitive articles and individual case analysis. DATA EXTRACTION： Thirty-two articles regarding the comparison of adolescent counseling of children-adolescents and adults were collected. The similar or repetitive articles were excluded, and 7 articles were in- cluded. Among them, 4 articles were about the psychological counseling and psychotherapy on children-adolescents, and 3 articles on psychological counseling and psychotherapy on adults. DATA SYNTHESIS： The children-adolescents were developing, so those behaviors, which seemed to have some problems on adults, might be a departure for the children or adolescents during the common developing process. Therefore, the psychological counseling on children-adolescents belonged to the education, not therapy. Because the living events and living environment were complicated and changeable, the content of counseling mainly included difficulty of vocational accommodation, sexual psychological disease and abnormal personality etc.The degree of psychological problems was severe with difficult intervention.The adults could aware the problem and actively diagnosed, and composed a league of therapy with counselors,who often used the language technology to make the self-restraint of adults reach a best stage to let them have changes towards selfindependence. The living events and living environment were relatively pure and simple. The content of eounseling mainly included difficulty of learning accommodation, embarrassment of human communication, showing dislike study, reverse reaction and irritation etc. The level of psychological problems was light commonly, but it was easy to be neglected. Because of the limitation of cognition, the children-adolescents could not realize the existing problems sometimes, and could not accept the counseling actively. No matter the will of the children, the counseling would reach certain coincidence with the guardians who sent the children to diagnose. The counselors used mainly the non-language technology of behavior modification, play therapy and art therapy etc. to help them to realize themselves, fine the advantages and disadvantages, define the direction of ego developmentand the suitable level of aspiration on themselves, make themselves consummate development, and reach the harmonious unification with society. CONCLUSION：There are great difference of the counseling attribution, destination, content, technique and counseling league etc. on the psychological counseling between the children-adolescents and adults.The psychological problems in children-adolescents were mainly developing problems, so the counseling on them should be mainly on the education guidance. On this basis, the counseling aim should be defined aiming at the different developing mission during the different age of the children-adolescents. In the light of their mental development level, the suitable counseling technique is selected in order to accelerate the normal healthy development of the psychology in the children-adolescents.