健身运动处方对大学生身体成分的影响

Influence of body building exercise prescription on the body composition of university students

目的:观察在课外体育活动中进行不同类型健身运动处方锻炼实验对大学生身体成分的影响。方法:于2003-09/12选择韩山师范学院普系一、二年级学生175人为观察对象。按性别和身体状况分为8组,速度组(21人)、耐力组(23人)、力量组(23人)、灵敏组(23人)、柔韧组(23人)、增重组(23人)、全面发展组(21人)及瘦身组(18人)。采用经专家指导修改并确定的不同类型的健身运动处方(以提高人体速度、耐力、力量、灵敏、柔韧、增重、全面发展及瘦身为主要内容的各种健身运动方法的合理组合)在下午课外体育活动中实施,锻炼持续时间12周,每周3次,40min/次(准备部分5min,基本部分30min和整理部分5min)。运动强度以基本部分平均心率来评定,要求达到130～150次/min。在实施健身运动处方前后采用国家体育总局规定使用的皮褶厚度计测量皮褶厚度(包括肩胛部、臂部、腹部)等指标,并运用体密度回归方程,成人男子身体密度=1.0863-0.00176×腹部皮褶厚度;成年女子身体密度=1.0709-0.00105×腹部皮褶厚度。通过测量的腹部皮褶厚度可间接推算出身体密度。再利用公式:体脂(%)=(4.570/身体密度-4.142)×100,瘦体质量=体质量×(1-体脂百分比),计算出体脂百分比和瘦体质量。实验前后采用配对t检验,显著性水平定为0.05和0.01。结果:175人均完成12周锻炼,全部测量指标进入结果分析。①不同类型健身运动处方对大学生皮褶厚度的影响:男女速度组,力量组、耐力组、男全面组在锻炼后均较锻炼前表现出腹部皮褶厚度呈显著性减少(P<0.05)。而男女瘦身组表现出腹部皮褶厚度极显著性减少的效果(P<0.01)。男力量组、男女瘦身组肩胛部皮褶厚度也呈显著性减少(P<0.05)。②不同类型健身运动处方对大学生体脂百分比的影响:锻炼前男女各组体脂百分比均值都在最佳健康状况范围,男为12.85%～20.53%,女为18.47%～23.12%。锻炼后男女速度组,力量组、耐力组,男全面组体脂百分比下降显著(P<0.05)。而男女瘦身组下降呈极显著性(P<0.01)。男女各组体脂百分比均值趋向最佳体力状况范围,男为12.97%～18.59%,女为18.44%～21.39%。③不同类型健身运动处方对大学生瘦体质量的影响:女力量组、男女耐力组,男灵敏组、女柔韧组,男全面组瘦体质量增加显著(P<0.05)。而男力量组,男女增重组瘦体质量增加非常显著(P<0.01)。其他组变化均不显著(P>0.05)。结论:①不同运动处方能不同程度地改善学生身体成分,减少体脂含量、增加瘦体质量,改变体脂分布,促进身体健康发展。②各指标的变化呈多样性,对腹部和肩胛部皮褶厚度、体脂百分比和瘦体质量有较大的影响。而对臂部皮褶厚度没有显著性影响,这可能与运动处方的特点及体脂的分布规律有关。

AIM： To observe the influence on the body composition of university students hy performing different body building exercise prescription in extracurricular physical activities. METHODS： Between September and December 2003, 175 students in grade 1 and grade 2 of Hanshan Teacher＇s College were divided into 8 experimental groups according to their gender and body status： velocity group （n=21）, endurance group （n=23）, strength group （n=23）, sensitivity group （n=23）, flexibility group （n=23）, body mass gaining group （n=23）, comprehension group （n=21） and body mass losing group （n=18）. The prescription was the reasonable composition of various body building exercises for improving the velocity, endurance, strength, sensitivity and flexibility, losing and gaining body mass, and comprehensive development, the prescription was instructed and modified by the specialists. The prescription experiment was carried out among the students during the extracurricular physical activities in the afternoon for 12 weeks, 3 times every week, 40 minutes for each time （5 minutes for preparation, 30 minutes for main part, 5 minutes for arrangement）. The exercise intensity was evaluated with the average heart rate （130 to 150 beats per minutes） during the main part of the exercise. Before and after training of body building exercise prescription, the indexes of skinfolds at shoulder, arm and abdominal part were detected with the skinfold measurement required by the General Administration of Sports. The body density regression equation was used to calculate the adult male body density=1.086 3-0.001 76 × skinfold at abdominal part and adult female body density=1.070 9-0.001 05 × skinfold at abdominal part. The body density could be indirectly calculated with the measured skinfold at abdominal part, and then the body fat percentage and lean body mass were calculated with the formulae of body fat percentage （%）= （4.570/body densities-4.142） × 100, and lean body mass = body mass ×（1- body fat percentage）. The difference before and after experiment was analyzed wit the paired t test, 0.05 and 0.01 were taken as the signifieant levels. RESULTS： All the 175 eases had eompletod the 12-week training, and all their measured indexes were involved in the analysis of results. ①Influence of different body building exercise prescription on the skinfold of university students： As compared with before exercise, the skinfold at abdominal part after exercise was significantly deereased in the male and female velocity groups, strength groups and endurance groups and male comprehension group （P 〈 0.05）, and it was extremely and significantly decreased in the male and female body mass losing groups （P 〈 0.01）. The skinfold at shouhter was also significantly decreased in male strength group and male and female body mass losing groups （P 〈 0.05）. ②Influence of different body building exercise prescription on the body fat percentage of university students： Before exercise, the mean values of body fat percentage in each male and female groups were all in a range of the best healthy status, it was 12.85% to 20.53% for males and 18.47% to 23.12% for females. After exercise, the body fat percentage was significantly decreased in the male and female velocity groups, strength groups, endurance groups and male comprehension group （P 〈 0.05）, and it was extremely and significantly decreased in male and female body mass losing groups （P 〈 0.01）. The mean values of body fat percentage in each male and female groups tended to a range of the physical capacity status, it was 12.97% to 18.59% for males and 18.44% to 21.39% for females. ③ Influence of different body building exercise prescription on the lean body mass of university students： The lean body mass was significantly increased in the female strength group, male and female endurance groups, male sensitivity group, female flexibility group and male comprehension group （P 〈 0.05）, and very significantly increased in the male strength group, male and female body mass gaining group （P 〈 0.01）, but had no significant changes in the other groups （P 〉 0.05）. CONCLUSION： ① Different body building exercise prescription can differently improve the students＇body composition, reduce their body fat content, increase lean body mass, change the distribution of body fat, and promote the development if physical health. ②The various changes of each index have greater influence on the skinfolds at abdominal part and shoulder, body fat percentage and lean body mass, but have no significant influence on the skinfold at arm, which may be associated with the characteristics of exercise prescription and the distributive law of body fats.