从讲座制的兴衰透视大学内部管理的新趋势

The Academic Chair System and the University Internal Management

本文以个性鲜明的大学讲座制为研究对象,指出学科的细化和专业化为讲座制的诞生创造了条件,它继承了中世纪大学的教授治校的传统,个人感召力是其存在的理由。讲座制体现了个人化统治,有效地保证了大学的学术自由和学术水平。19世纪至20世纪上半叶,以德国为代表的许多国家的大学采用了讲座制。由于讲座制使教授的权力过于集中和僵化,不适应大学规模的扩大,20世纪60年代后日渐衰落,逐渐向系科制转变。随之,欧洲大学以教授为重心的管理转向以校、系为重心的相对高效的管理,决策体制转向民主参与。讲座制向系科制的演变顺应了大学内部管理民主化趋势。

This article takes the academic chair system of university as the research object and points out that the differentiation and professionalism of subjects set the precondition for the academic chair system. On the base of the charm and authority of the individual, it inherits the tradition of “professor--governed university” in the Middle Ages. The academic chair system presents the prominently personal inspiration and characteristics and availably guarantees the academic freedom with the scholarship level. The concentrated power of prolessor in the academic chair system comes to a deadlock and the transformation of the academic chair system to the department system adapts to the trend of the democratization of the university internal management and the professionalism of the management personnel.