从道德主体出发来理解利己与利他的关系

Understanding the Relationship Between Egoism and Altruism from the Viewpoint of Moral Subject

作为道德生活主体的个体,其所特有的一系列规定性即人性是道德主体进行道德选择所依据的内在准绳。人性是自然性与社会历史性的辩证统一。由于对马克思主义人性观的误解,长期以来人们只重视人的社会性,忽视人的自然性,在此基础上建立的道德观是一味地强调利他,否定利己。我们应该从人性的角度出发,首先分析利己价值观存在的必然性,利己心是人求生存的一种本能需求,本身无所谓道德还是不道德,它正确与否的关键在于当个体利己时,如何处理“己”与“他”的关系。善的利己观有两个境界,一是具有广泛性的一般境界—利己不损他;二是具有先进性的较高境界—互利。

Being the individual who is the subject of moral life, a series of his specific characteristics, namely human nature, are the inner criteria on which bases the moral subject when making moral choice, Human nature is a dialectical unity of nature and social history. Due to misunderstanding about Marxist viewpoint of human nature,human sociality has long been emphasized but human naturalness neglected, and the moral sense that is based on it puts unjustified emphasis on altruism but negates egoism. The first thing we should do is,by starting from the angle of human nature,to analyze the necessity of the existence of egoistic sense of value because egoism is an instinctive demand of human survival, nothing much in sense of being moral or immoral in itself, and the key point that whether it is correct or not is how to deal with the relationship between ＂oneself＂ and ＂ others＂ when the individual is egoistic. The egoistic viewpoint in good sense is a two-fold realm：firstly, the general realm with extension——egoistic and harmless to others ; secondly, the lofty realm with advancedness—— beneficial to each other.