外源DNA导入小麦的分子育种实践

Molecular Breeding by Introducing Exogenous DNA into Wheat

利用花粉管通道法将具有高光合效率的C4植物高粱的DNA导入普通小麦陇春13,成功选育出了高产、抗逆、耐盐碱小麦新品系89122,较原受体增产21.06%,在盐碱地比当地主栽品种V 26增产10.5%,比原受体增产22.5%,光合效率明显提高,通过RAPD鉴定表明,高粱基因组部分片断已经整合到了小麦染色体中。将高粱、玉米、谷子、小麦、长穗偃麦草、大麦、硬粒小麦等33份材料的基因组DNA通过花粉管通道法转入普通小麦,创造了大量具有利用价值的变异材料,同时选育出一系列的小麦新品系,并且应用于生产中。经过表型鉴定、生化分析和分子等水平的综合研究表明,利用花粉管通道法创造的新品系和中间变异材料绝大多数变异性状不以孟德尔规律遗传,而表现为母性遗传特征,这比以农杆菌为代表的单基因转基因技术更具有优越性,对数量形状控制的表型来说更具有意义。

The pollen-tube pathway was one of the effective transgenic techniques in crops breeding. We introduced the total DNA of C4 sorghum （Sorghum bicolor） into normal wheat Longchun No.13 （Triticum aestivum L.） by pollentube pathway and obtained a new line 89122, which has more excellent character such as high yield and stress-tolerance. Compared with the receptor, the yield of 89122 raised 21.06%, photosynthetic efficiency increased significantly, furthermore, the yield of 89122 was 10.5% higher than that of local salt-resistance variety V26, and 22.5% higher than that of the receptor in saline soil test. Random amplified polymophic DNA （RAPD） analysis revealed that the DNA sequencs from sorghum were inserted into wheat genome. There were exogenous DN of 33 species were introduced into wheat in all, such as Sorghum bicolor, Zea mays L. , Setaria italica （L.） Beauv. , Triticum aestivum L, Agropyron elongatum, Leymus racemosus Tzvel, E. dahuricus Turcz, Hordeum vulgate L. , Helianthus annus L. , and T. durum Desf. etc, a number of beneficial mutant materials and lines have been created. Studies on the hereditary regulation on traits demonstrated that most of phenotypes do not obeyed the Mendelian inheritance but followed maternal character. Compared with the agrobacterium-mediated transgenic technique, the quantitative traits genes could be introduced into receptor more easily. The problems and prospects of this technique were discussed.