多年冻土地区工程建设生态环境影响研究评述

A Review on Research into Ecological Environment Impacts of Engineering Construction in Permafrost Areas

多年冻土地区工程建设的研究在国际上开展很早,而关于工程建设项目对区域生态环境影响的研究则相对滞后。在对生态环境要素所受影响角度的考察中,相关研究集中于工程建设项目对冻土层以及多年冻土地区植被、湿地、土地荒漠化、野生动物、自然保护区的影响上;在对生态环境影响预测和评价方法角度的考察中,相关研究集中于冻土层和多年冻土地区水土流失的影响预测和评价上。从既有的研究成果来看,多年冻土地区工程建设生态环境影响研究应向体系化、定量化和全面化发展,具体的工作包括生态环境影响评价指标体系的建立和综合性生态环境影响评价方法的制定等。

Researches on engineering construction in permafrost areas have been carried on from early time, while the focus on the resulted ecological environmental impacts took place relatively late. From a viewpoint of impacts on ecological environmental elements, concerned studies mainly focus on the impacts on permafrost, vegetations, wetlands, desertification, wild animals and natural reserves. The researches on impacts on permafrost are relatively more mature, which lies on the fact that different impact assessment models based on thermal stability parameters have been set up. Further from a viewpoint of ecological environmental impact prediction and assessment, concerned studies mainly focus on prediction and assessment of permafrost and erosion impacts. It can be concluded from existing references that, there are problems as regard to researches on ecological environmental impacts of engineering construction projects in permafrost areas, as follows： （1） the connection between ecological environmental deterioration and permafrost degradation is not effectively embodied; （2） impacts of engineering projects on ecological elements are mainly analyzed qualitatively but not quantitatively; （3） researches on corresponding impact assessment and prediction are not undertaken in a systematic way, especially for the lack of comprehensive assessment indicator systems and shortage of full reflection on characteristics of different stages of engineering projects; （4） impact assessment procedures are often not integrated. To solve the above problems, it is necessary to realize systematism, quantification and integration for concerned researches. The specific scheme contains： designation of key ecological factor identification method; establishment of ecological environmental impact assessment indicator system; creation of comprehensive ecological environmental impact assessment method for certain engineering projects; and perfection of impact assessment procedure.