中学生考试焦虑影响因素的通径分析

Path analysis of the influencing factors of test anxiety in secondary school students

目的:探讨中学生考试焦虑的影响因素及因素间相互作用的方式。方法:于2003-12随机分层整群抽取哈尔滨市某区两所中学(一所初中、一所高中)学生941人作为调查对象。在期末考试前两周,采用考试焦虑量表、特质焦虑问卷、父母教养方式评价量表、艾森克个性问卷和自拟量表(内容包括自我负面认知、学校社会压力、父母压力、对考试的态度和自我期望等5个方面内容)对抽取的初一到高三的学生进行调查。应用通径分析探讨各影响因素之间的联系以及它们对考试焦虑的影响过程。结果:①无论男女生,由于考试引起的负面认知、学校社会压力和特质焦虑、神经质对考试焦虑有直接作用;男生的父母亲对于考试和学习的要求给男生造成的压力对男生有直接作用;父母的教养方式和成绩通过以上的因子对考试焦虑起间接的作用。②神经质影响学生的特质焦虑、学校社会压力的感知和由于考试引起的学生的自我负面认知,它不但对考试焦虑有直接作用,而且通过这几个因素对考试焦虑还起着间接的影响。③男生的特质焦虑受父母温暖理解、神经质和自我负面评价的影响,父母温暖理解的教养方式对特质焦虑起了保护的作用,特质焦虑对考试焦虑起直接的作用;女生除了以上3个因素外,学校社会的压力也会促进特质焦虑的发生。④无论的男女生,学校社会压力受成绩、神经质和父母负面教养方式的影响,它是影响考试焦虑的一个重要的环节。男生父母压力的影响因素有父母的教养方式和学校的压力,父母对于学习和考试的压力对男生的考试焦虑有直接的作用。⑤自我负面评价受神经质、学校社会压力和成绩的影响,对考试焦虑起直接作用。⑥教养方式对考试焦虑起间接作用,父母温暖理解通过缓解孩子的特质焦虑和神经质对考试焦虑起到保护的作用,父母惩罚严厉等负面的教养方式可能加重了孩子的神经质和感受的学校社会压力、父母压力(男生)而对考试焦虑有不好的影响。⑦成绩通过学校社会压力和增加负面自我认知对考试焦虑起间接作用。结论:神经质、特质焦虑、自我负面认知、学校社会压力和父母压力(男生)对考试焦虑有直接作用,父母教养方式和成绩通过影响以上因素对考试焦虑起间接作用。应用通经分析推断考试焦虑影响因素之间的路径作用形式,计算各因素对考试焦虑直接和(或)间接作用方式和作用大小,可以为考试焦虑的干预提供依据。

investigate the lnfluenclng factors ot test anxiety and me patterns of their interactions in secondary school students. METHODS：A cross-sectional study was carried out in 941 students selected from a junior middle school and a senior middle school of a district in Harbin city in December 2003.Two weeks before the final examination, the participants were assessed with test anxiety scale （TAS）, state-trait anxiety inventory（STAl） Egma Minnen av Bardndosnauppforstran （EMBU）, Eysenck personality questionnaire （EPQ） and self-designed scale （including self-negative cognition,pressure from school and society, pressure from parents, the attitude of test, the self-anticipation）. The path analysis was used to study the relationship among the influencing factors and their course of influence on test anxiety. RESULTS：① Negative cognition caused by test, pressure from school and society, trait anxiety, neuroticism directly affected test anxiety regardless of the gender.The requirement of test and study from the boys＇parents affected test anxiety directly,parents＇upbringing ways and scores indirectly affected test anxiety.② Neuroticism affected students＇trait anxiety,the cognition from pressure of school and society and self-negative cognition coursed by test. It was not only affected test anxiety directly but also influenced the test anxiety indirectly through these factors. ③ Trait anxiety of boys was influenced by parents＇ emotion warmth and consideration, neuroticism and self-negative cognition.Parents＇upbringing ways of emotion warmth and consideration had protective impaction on trait anxlety.Trait anxiety affected test anxiety directly; Besides the three factors above, the pressure from school and society promote trait anxiety among girls. ④ The pressure of school and society was affected by scores,neuroticism and parents＇ negative upbringing ways regardless of gender.It was the most important factor affected test anxiety.The influencing factors of the pressure from boys＇ parents were parents＇upbringing ways and the pressure of schools. The pressure of study and test from parents has effect on test anxiety directly among boys. ⑤ Self-negative cognition was influenced by neuroticism, the pressure from school and society and scores. It affected test anxiety directly. ⑥ Parents＇ upbringing ways influenced test anxiety indirectly.Parents＇emotion warmth and consideration had protective impaction on test anxiety through alleviating trait anxiety and neuroticism. The negative parents＇upbringing ways such as punishing sternly may aggravate children＇neuroticism and feeling of the pressure from school and society,the pressure of parents to make bad effect on test anxiety. ⑦ Scores indirectly affected the test anxiety through the pressure from society and school and enhancing self-negative cognition. CONCLUSION：Neuroticism,trait anxiety, negative cognition and pressure from school and society, pressure from parents （only for school boys） affect the test anxiety directly;patents＇upbringing ways and scores indirectly affect the test anxiety.It is useful for path analysis to evaluate the influencing factors and their patterns on test anxiety and to provide foundation to test anxiety.