农民收入与市场结构

Peasants' Income and Market Structure

在农用生产资料市场缺乏竞争,农民又不能摆脱不合理税费负担的条件下,农产品的生产费用或税费支出会随农产品总收益正向变化,从而部分或全部抵消增加的产出收益,农民纯收入最终将维持在其劳动成本水平。而农民的劳动成本或农民收入,在农业劳动不能向非农产业流动和转移的条件下,决定于他们的生存成本;在劳动自由流动的城乡统一劳动市场,则决定于非农劳动收入(替代工资)。在城镇非农劳动收入普遍高于农民收入的条件下,保证农村劳动力向城镇及非农产业的自由流动和转移,是实现农民收入稳定增长的基本途径。

This article provides a theoretical account for the issue of peasants＇ income. In the countryside, there lacks competition in the market of agricultural production materials, as well as peasants＇ ability resisting, with their own efforts, the pressure of taxes and fees from local governments. So the production costs or payout of taxes and fees will change with the total revenue of agricultural products in positive direction. This will partially or totally counteract the increased revenue of products, and the pure income of peasants will hence remain at the level of their labor cost. Meanwhile, the peasants＇ labor cost depends on their survival costs, provided that the rural labor force cannot flow or be transferred to the nonagricultural industry. Or it depends on their income from nonagricultural industry, i.e. substitutive wage, in the united labor market of urban and rural areas, where labor force can flow freely. Since peasants＇ income from nonagricultural industry is universally lower than that from agricultural industry, the basic way out of enhancing their steady income is to let the labor force flow or be transferred freely between urban and rural areas.