1Merboth MK, Barnason S. Managing pain: the fifth vital sign. Nurs Clin North Am, 2000,35(2): 375-383.
2Stevens B. Pain in infants. In: McCaffery M, Pasero C,eds. Pain: clinical manual. 2 nd ed. St.louis: Mosby, 1999.626-629.
3Anand KJ,International evidence-based group for neonatal pain.Consensus statement for the prevention and management of pain in the newborn. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 2001,155(2): 173-180.
4Peter Gal. Pain management in neonates. Neonatal Pharmacotherapy, 2003,3(1):1-27.
5Taddio A, Shah V, Gilbert MC,et al.Conditioning and hyperalgesia in newborns exposed to repeated heel lances. JAMA, 2002,288(7):857-861.
6Gottschalk A, Smith DS. New concepts in acute pain therapy: preemptive analgesia. Am Fam Physician, 2001,63(10):1979-1984.
7American academy of pediatrics and Canadian paediatric society. Prevention and management of pain and stress in the neonate. Pediatrics, 2000,105(2):454-461.
8Franck LS, Greenberg CS, Stevens B. Pain assessment in infants and children. Pediatr Clin North Am, 2000,47(3):487-512.
9Taddio A, Katz J, Ilersich AL, et al. Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination. Lancet, 1997,349(3):599-603.
10Mitchell A, Boss BJ. Adverse effects of pain on the nervous systems of newborns and young children: a review of the literature. J Neurosci Nurs,2002,34(5):228-236.
二级参考文献6
1Anand KJS. Consensas statement for the prevention and management of pain in the newborn. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med,2001,155(2): 173-178.
2Anand KJ.Clinical importance of pain and stress in preterm neonates. Biol Neonate, 1998,73(1): 1-9.
3Anand K J, Meitosh N, Lagcrcrantz H ,et al. Analgesia and sedation in preterm neonates who require ventilatory support:results from the NOPAIN trial. Neonatal outcome and prolonged analgesia in neonate.Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 1999,153 (4):331-338.
4Larsson BA.Pain management in neonates.Acta Pediatr, 1999,88(12): 1301-1310.
5Mellah D,Gourrier E,Merbouche S,et al. Analgesia with saccharose during heel capillary prick:a randomized study in 37newborn of over 33 weeks of amenorrhea. Arch Pediatr, 1999,6(6):610-616.
6Johnston CC,Stremler R,Horton L,et al. Effect of repeated doses of sucrose during heel stick procedure in preterm neonates. Biol Neonate, 1998,75(3): 161-166.
