1Cutbush CM, McDonough JP, Clark K,et al.The effect of intrathecaj and epidural narcotic analgesia on the lenth of labor[J].CRNA,1998,9:106-112.
2Irestedt L, Ekblom A ,Olofsson C ,et al. Pharmacokinetics and clinical effect during continous epidural infusion with ropivacaine 2.5mg/ml or bupivacaine5mg/ml for labor pain relief[J] . Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 1998,42:980-996.
3Porter J,Bonello E ,Reynolds F ,et al.Effect of epidural fentany on neonatal respiration . Anesthesiol[J], 1998,89:79-85.
4Ann clark. et al. The influence of epidural analgesia on cesarean delivery r ates: A randomized prospective clinical trial[J]. An J obstet Gynecol 1998.12:1527- 1533.
5Carli F. Does epidural analgesia influence the mode of delivery in primipar ae managed actively? A preliminary study of 1250 women. Int J obstet Anes 2:15-2 0,19.
1Lawrenca C, Brad T, Sanjay C,et al. Is combined spinal-epidural analgesia associated with more rapid cervical dilation in nulliparous patients when compared with conventional epidural analgesia? Anesthesiol, 1999,91:920-925.
2James A, Daniel H, Rene M, et al. The effect of intrapartum epidural analgesia on nulliparous labor: a randomized controlled prospective trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1993,169:851-858.
3Halpern SH, Leighton BL, Ohlsson A, et al. Effect of parenteral opioid analgesia on the progress of labor: a meta-analysis. JAMA, 1998,280:2105-2110.
4Cutbush CM, McDonough JP, Clark K, et al. The effect of intrathecaj and epidural narcotic analgesia on the length of labor. CRNA, 1998, 9:106-112.
5Chestnut DH, Vandewalker GE, Owen CL, et al. The influence of continuous epidural bupivacaine analgesia on the second stage of labor and method of delivery in nulliparous women. Anesthesiol, 1987,66:774-780.
6Gartier P, DeKock M, Van Steenberge L, et al. A double-blind comparison of 0.125% ropivacaine with sufentanil and 0.125% bupivacaine with sufentanil for epidural analgesia. Anesthesiol, 1999,90:772-778.
7Collis RE, Harding SA, Morgan BM. Effect of maternal ambulation on labor with low-dose combined spinal-epidural analgesia. Anesthesiol, 1999,90:634-640.
8Irestedt L, Ekblom A, Olofsson C, et al. Pharmacokinetics and clinical effect during continous epidural infusion with ropivacaine 2.5 mg/ml or bupivacaine 5 mg/ml for labor pain relief. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 1998,42:980-996.
9Porter J, Bonello E, Reynolds F, et al. Effect of epidural fentany on neonatal respiration. Anesthesiol, 1998,89:79-85.
2Nakamura T,Popitz-Bergez F,Birknes J,et al.The critical role of concentrion for lidocaine block of peripheral nerve in vivo:studies of function and drug uptake in the rat[J].Anesthesiology,2003,99(1):1189-1197.