普通小麦与硬粒小麦种间杂交培育抗干热风新种质研究

Studies of Developing New Germplasm with Dry-hot Wind Tolerance from Interspecific Hybridization between Common Wheat and Durum Wheat

对普通小麦(T.aestivum)与硬粒小麦(T.durum)的正反杂交后代进行了连续7 a的研究.结果表明:(1)普通小麦、硬粒小麦间具有一定的可杂交性.正交(普通小麦/硬粒小麦)结实率为24.35%,反交(硬粒小麦/普通小麦)结实率为33.33%,与品种间杂交结实率80.2%相比,差异达极显著水平.F1发芽率分别为19.64%和22.06%,大部分杂交种因种子瘪瘦或败育无发芽力.(2)无论正交及反交,F1表现较大的生长繁茂性和100%不育.小孢子发育可通过四分体阶段,败育主要发生在单核细胞期,分别占82.37%和88.62%,其余为二核期败育的圆败花粉细胞.(3)普通小麦/硬粒小麦//普通小麦回交F1群体82株,育性全部恢复,后代无不育株出现.硬粒小麦/普通小麦//普通小麦回交BC1群体52株,8株表现不育,继续回交,BC2育性全部恢复.(4)对可育自交后代进行选择,获得株高45～120 cm、穗长5～12.5 cm、主茎穗粒数60～105 粒、千粒重33～61.22 g,矮秆、大穗、多小花、高千粒重的优质变异株系370个.(5)对变异后代进行干旱胁迫处理,并在自然干热风条件下进行选择,培育出319个籽粒饱满度1级、千粒重40～61.22 g、高抗干热风的种质资源.

Successive 7 years research on progenies derivated from interspecific hybridization between common wheat （ T. aestivum） and durum wheat （ T. durum） have been carried out and results showed： （1） There was a crossability and seed sets were 24. 35% and 33.33% for crosses of common wheat （CW）/durum wheat （DW） and DW/CW, individually, which were 0.01 level of significant difference compared with 80. 2% of check （CK） of intraspecies cross. Germination rate was 19.64% for the former and 22.06% for the latter, respectively, as most of them were either aborted or too shrunken to geminate. （2） Hybrid vigor and 100% sterility were recorded for the 2 F1s. Microspore could pass the tetrad phase for the 2 crosses, typical abortion, or abortion at mononuclear-cell phase, was 82.37% and 88.62% fbr the crosses of CW/DW and DW/CW, respectively. Remains were aborted at binucleate phase. （3） Seed set of BC1 of CW/DW//CW performed normal fertility and no sterile plant was observed from 82 plants. In the BCI of DW/CW//CW 8 out of 52 plants performed sterility but in BC2 fertility restored to normal level. It were developed that 321 new advanced lines with characters of plant height of 45-120 cm, head length of 5-12.5 cm, seeds/main stem of 60-105 and 1000-grain weight （TGW） of 33-61.22 g, individually. （5） Treated them under both drought and hot-dry wind environment 319 new germplasms with 40-61.22 g TGW and 1 grade plump seed have been developed, which performed satisfied hot-dry wind tolerance. It was an effective way to innovate new germplasm with hot-dry wind To lerance by interspecific hybridization between CW and DW.