试论当今国际社会的双头政治:美国与联合国

Dyarchy in the Contemporary International Community: The United States and the United Nations

联合国与美国的关系是当今世界最重要的关系之一。第二次世界大战后的半个多世纪以来,联合国与美国的关系不断发生着变化。作者通过回顾联合国与美国关系的演变,运用“双头政治”的理论框架分析了美国与联合国的关系,认为“双头政治”是描述两种不同的政治力量在国际社会寻求“领导权”的情形。“双头政治”的症结在于当今的国际社会中权力与利益的结构与配置。大国和富国的利益主要体现在美国的权力与霸权上,而中小国家的利益和全球利益需借助联合国加以维护,从而形成以美国为代表的大国和富国为一方、以联合国和中小国家为一方的“双头政治”之基本架构。“双头政治”是国际社会过渡形态中必然出现的现象和模式,但这种分立不是你死我活的敌我关系,而是一种“争而不破、相互兼容”的竞争关系,这种竞争关系除了现实主义所强调的“实力”竞争外,更重要的是思想与制度等合法性领域的竞争。

The relationship between United Nations and United States is one of the most important relations in the world.Since the end of the Second World War,the relationship has undergone several stages.The author applies the idea of dyarchy to international studies.Dyarchy can be defined as two different political powers seeking leadership in the international community,and it is determined by the power structure and the allocation of national interests in the international system.The interests of the great powers and the rich countries have been mostly protected under the privilege and hege￣mony of the United States,while the interests of medium and small countries are mostly sheltered by United Nations.In addition,dyarchy is an inevitable stage during the transformation of international society.It implies both coexistence and competition instead of only fierce confrontation.Such a relationship involves not only the competition of material power emphasized by the realists,but also the exercise of leadership by gaining consent through ideological,moral,or cultural values.