中国农村劳动力转移:从推到拉的嬗变

Locomotive Factors Affecting Rural Labor Immigrations in China:from Pull to Push

农村劳动力转移是实现我国工业化必须面对的重大课题之一,也是解决我国三农问题的根本途径。农村劳动力转移的动因是多方面的,既有农村本身的推力,也有城镇的拉力。根据一手调查资料,从农户行为的微观角度对该问题的实证分析表明:2000年到2004年,中国农村劳动力转移的动因逐渐从原来被动地依靠农村推力嬗变到主动地依靠城镇拉力。本研究同时表明,加强农村基础文化教育对我国农村劳动力转移具有重要影响,性别、家庭收入水平、区位等因素的差异也对农民工进城有较明显的影响。

In dealing with the three problems concerning farmers, agriculture and rural areas, poverty is an essential problem. Limited resources held by a comparatively large amount of people of extremely low total productivity of factor （TPF） lead to poverty. This determines that farmer emigration is a crucial question that we have to face during our industrialization process. It is also a fundamental way to solve these three problems. Farmer emigration, first of all, is a term used in industry. It refers to the surplus labor emigrating from agriculture to other industries. Secondly, it is also a regional term which means that surplus labor emigrates from rural areas to urban areas. Through these two emigrations, farmers become workers or property owners. In population immigration theories, there are four elements that will affect the farmer transfer, the place where they come from, the place where they want to go, obstacles that affect the immigration, and individual problems. The most important of them are rural pull and urban push. The present empirical study tries to analyze this question from a micro-angle through first-hand investigations. In this study, we find that the reason for farmer emigration mainly comes from urban push instead of rural pull. Rural obstacles that affect farmer immigrations are being reduced. The impetus from town＇s push and the obstacles farmers meet when they move to town will seriously affect our rural labors＇ immigration in the future. If we make effort to step up the construction of towns, especially small towns, both farmer emigrations and the three problems can be solved. Meanwhile, the study also shows that the development of the country and the construction of towns compose a mutually beneficial system. With the rapid development of the town, it will strengthen its power to pull labor emigrations. It will contribute to solving the three problems. So we should pay attention to factors concerning the town＇ pull when we deal with the problem of labor emigrations. For example, we should try our best to make social security as perfect as possible. Farmer workers＇ income should be increased. We should guarantee farmer workers＇ security in the town. It is necessary to eliminate such forms of discrimination as they exist in residence registration, school enrollment and employment opportunities. Government should provide medical insurance and unemployment insurance for farmer workers and establish a complete farmer workers-oriented labor market. Lastly, strengthening education, especially the nine-year compulsory education, will definitely have a deep effect on this emigration. Besides, sex, family income and regional differences will determine farmer labor＇s attitude towards the rural pull and urban push. This shows that farmer emigration in our country is characterized by complexity, difficulty and long duration. It is very difficult to solve through the use of one model only. Local governments should set up policies and impose active and positive measures in accordance with their regional characteristics.