氯酸盐生态毒理研究进展

Research advance in ecotoxicological effects of chlorates.

氯酸盐是一类毒性强氧化剂。20世纪,氯酸钠曾被作为非选择性除草剂和脱叶剂在农业生产中大量施用。近年来,氯酸钾作为龙眼产期调控剂也在反季节龙眼生产中应用。然而,氯酸根离子强氧化性对生物体有明显的毒害效应,且其分解产物亚氯酸根和次氯酸根离子对水体和土壤等环境也存在较强的污染效应。本文在介绍氯酸盐理化性质基础上,初步分析了氯酸盐对植物、动物、微生物和人体的毒害效应,探讨了氯酸盐在土壤和水体中的环境行为,提出了如何在生产实践中安全使用氯酸盐,并就氯酸盐在生态环境中的检测方法和生物降解等研究前沿进行了展望。

Chlorates are a group of toxic substances with significant ecological risk. Last century, sodium chlorate was used to be as non-selective contact herbicides, defoliant and even soil sterilant in agricultural history. And accidentally, it was found that potassium chlorate could induce the flowering of longan（ Dimocxarpous longanna ）, which has made it being used pervasively to increase out-of-season longan production in recent years, especially in north Thailand and south China. Some research demonstrated that the strong oxidation of chlorate was obviously toxic to animals, plants and bacteria, and decomposition of chlorate in soil was completely a faster biochemical process, which affected greatly by soil microbes depending on climate and soil conditions. As a result, in view of the environmental problems that chlorate imposed, based on limited available data, this paper introduced physical and chemical characters of chlorate, summarized research advancement of chlorate ecotoxicity on several living organisms and human beings at home and abroad, approached the negative action of chlorate in soil and water, put forward some effective suggestions on protective measures when using chlorate in daily life. Moreover, further researches on monitoring methods and decomposition by bacteria were also prospected in order to minimize ecotoxicity of chlorate on ecosystem and human health.