西方个人本位法变迁述论

On the Vicissitude of Western Individualistic Law

西方法律本位大体经历了从氏族到个人再经上帝/氏族到个人的三次变迁。其特点是愈益非集团化,也即个人本位化。它是通过个人权利/权力在法律上对各种团体形式的集团权力/权利的挤压、否定和部分替代来实现的,表现为个人本位与集团本位在法的支点上的不停转移。概括这一特定的历史现象,即是梅因所说的,从身份到契约的运动。从权利法哲学的角度来审视这一现象,它无疑也是一场人的解放与人权展开的运动。

Western legal standard probably has gone through three periods： clan period, God and individualistic period, which is characterized by increasingly non-collectivization, that is, individualism. Individualism is manifested by the constant shift between individualism and organization standard in law through the extrusion, negation and partly-replacement of personal rights or power over various kinds of organizational rights or power. As Maine said, this is a movement from status to contract. Viewed from the point of legal philosophy, it is undoubtedly a movement of human revolution and human rights.