试论宋、元、明真武图像变迁的“一线多元”格局

A Preliminary Study of the Changes of Zhengwu Image in the Song,the Yuan and Ming Dynasty

中国道教的真武图像经历了一个不断变化的过程,特别是宋、元、明三代的变化,真武逐步从武神走向了文神、从地域神走向了全国神。明代武神真武、古圣贤模样的文武神真武、古圣贤模样的文神真武、天帝图真武四种类型,基本概括了宋、元、明真武完成人格化以来所形成的几种基本类型。这种变化表现出一种“一线多元”、多元并存的格局,但真武的披发跣足等基本特征一直保持着相对的稳定性。

Zhengwu, a Chinese Taoist god, has its images changed at different historical periods, especially during the Song, the Yuan and the Ming Dynasty when Zhengwu gradually changed from a Warrior God to a Civil God and from a local God to a national God. The Warrior God of Zhengwu of the Ming Dynasty, ancient saint-like Warrior-Civil God of Zhengwu, ancient saint-like Civil God of Zhengwu and Heaven God of Zhengwu are the four basic types of personified Zhengwu in the Song, the Yuan and the Ming Dynasty. The changes of Zhengwu image reveal the pattern of“one dominant development with pluralistic traits” and the coexistence of plural images but the image of bare-footed Zhengwu with his hair hanging loose has remained almost unchanged.